英语句子成分及基本结构(小升初英语).doc

1、英语句子成分及基本结构一：句子成分英语的句子结构根据每一部分的语法功能可以分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语等。1主语：主语是句子的主体，句子中动作的发出者或执行者，一般由名词，代词或动名词等充当。She is a famous artist.2. 谓语: 用来说明主语所做的动作或处在什么状态，由动词来充当 She read the book yesterday.It rains heavily in this season.3宾语 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。My coach always encoura

2、ges me. We study English very hard. 4定语 用于修饰和限定名词,代词等，从而说明他们的性质，特点，范围等情况。定语可以由形容词和名词，介词短语，不定式等充当。如果定语由形容词或名词充当时放在被修饰词的前面,定语如果是介词短语或不定式放在被修饰词的后面，称为定语后置。That is an exciting race. There are 20 women teachers in my school. I have a lot of things to do. The boy in brown pants is my cousin.5状语 说明事物发生的时间,地

3、点,原因,目的,方式,结果,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。I like staying at home.（地点） Ten years ago, She began to learn piano.(时间)We put off the meeting because of the bad weather.(原因)He buys a gift to make her happy.（目地）If I finish my homework in 30 minutes, I will chat with you on wechat. （条件）6.表语 用于表现主语的身份，特征，状态等情况，放在系动词

4、的后面，由形容词，名词，介词短语，不定式短语等充当。This is my teacher. We are very excited now. The dish smells good.二：英语句型基本结构句型A：主系表结构：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)主系表结构是我们最初接触的英语句子结构，这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般由以下形式充当：1） be动词的各种形式, am, is, are, was, were2） 感官系动词seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound This

5、kind of food tastes delicious.3）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep 4）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow用法：主系表结构的用法有规律可循，一般在以下三种情况下使用主系表结构1：表示什么人/什么东西是什么的时候This is a printing machine2.:表示什么人/什么东西“怎么样”I am very bored.This strawberry tastes good.3.表示什么人/什么东西在什么地方The monkey is in the tree.【随堂练

6、习】 汉译英1. 他感到有点累。_2. 这个主意听起来不错。_3. 这幅画非常的漂亮？_4. 我的电脑在书房（study）里。_5. 这双鞋看起来很特别（special）。_6. Allan的猫在树上。_7. 这个问题非常的难。_8. Jack 每天都很开心。_9. 树叶在秋天变黄了。_10. 那个穿粉色外套的女孩是我的表妹。_句型B：主谓结构：Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。1) Li M

7、ing works very hard.2) The little girl cried even harder. 3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.【随堂练习】写出下列句子的各语法结构1. I run in the morning every day.( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2. The sun rises from the east every day.( ) ( ) ( ) ( )3. He swims very fast. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4. Jack sat down quickly.( ) ( ) ( ) (

8、) 5. My Dad works in this company.( ) ( ) ( )句型C：主谓宾结构：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。1) He locked the door. 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. 3) She plans to travel around the world next summer. 4) I like walking in the snow.【随堂练习】. 写

9、出下列句子的宾语。1. He handed in his homework this morning._2. He finished his homework 30 minutes ago. _3. He enjoys talking with us. _4. I need to go now. _5. Ill help them. _句型D：S十V十间接宾语+直接宾语：Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，

10、去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成；但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return,

11、 send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等。（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。例如：He brought me a pen.=He brought a pen to me.Mother bought me a book.= Mother bought a book for me【随堂练习】.写出下列句子中的直接宾语。1. She gave me her telephone number. _2. Bring me some wat

12、er, please. _3. Ill make you some fresh tea. _4. He sang us a folk song. _5. She showed me her paintings. _. 将下列句子改为同义句。6. Tom gave me a nice pen. Tom _ a nice pen _ me. 7. My mother bought my little sister a pink skirt. My mother _ a pink skirt _ my little sister.8. She cooked us a delicious meal.

13、She _ a delicious meal _ us. 9. Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. Tim _ his nice T-shirt _ me. 10. She made me a cup of coffee. She _ a cup of coffee _ me.句型E：主谓宾补结构：Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词

14、、动词不定式等。1）You should keep the room clean and tidy.（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。1) The boss m

15、ade him do the work all day.2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.【随堂练习】. 写出下列句中的宾语补足语。1. They call their daughter Mary. _2. Dont leave me behind. _3. The teacher asked us to be quiet. _4. I saw her chatting with Nancy. _5. Mom always tells me to write carefully. _. 汉译英。6. 他们想要我和他们一起去。_7. 你们可以叫我Dave。_8. 微笑使我们的生活更多彩（colorful）_9. 老师要求我们放学后回家。 _10. 老师总是告诉我们认真读文章（passage）？_句型F：There be + 主语 + 地点这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得注意的是，当句中有两个或两个以上的 主语时，be动词和最近的一个保持一致：1) There are two girls and a boy on the playground.2) There is a boy and two girls on the playground.