combination of approachesinnovation systems.docx

1、combination of approachesinnovation systemsAugmented informality: South Africas backyard dwellings as a by-product of formal housing policiesOriginal Research ArticleHabitat International, Volume 33, Issue 4, October 2009, Pages 472-484Charlotte LemanskiClose preview| Related articles|Related refere

2、nce work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractInsufficient and inadequate housing for the urban poor has a long history in South Africa, as in other African cities. Nearly one-fifth of urban households in South Africa reside in an informal dwelling.

3、 While most live in informal settlements, significant proportions have erected informal structures (essentially shacks) in the backyard of another property, a distinctly South African phenomenon. Backyard dwellings have historically been overlooked by housing policies that focus on upgrading and/or

4、eradicating informal settlements. Previously, backyard dwellers were perceived as marginalised, living in appalling conditions and exploited by cavalier landlords. However, the post-apartheid provision of state-funded housing for the poor has altered the nature of backyard housing, creating a new cl

5、ass of cash-poor homeowners who are dependent on income from backyard dwellers rent, thus ensuring a more equitable power pendulum between landlord and tenant. This paper uses research conducted in a low-income state-subsidised housing settlement in Cape Town to explore the new dimensions of informa

6、l backyard housing, both for landlords and tenants, as a consequence of South Africas formal housing policies.Article OutlineIntroductionBackyard dwellings in South Africa: historyBackyard dwellings in South Africa: existing researchBackyard dwellings in South Africa: policyCase study: Westlake vill

7、ageExtent: dominant or negligible?Why live in a backyard dwelling? Access to servicesLocation and flexibilityTenure securityFailures of the housing policyWhy do property owners have backyard dwellings? Space for familyMechanism to generate incomeFailures of housing policyLandlordtenant relationship

8、Financial relationship: profit-seeking or survival?Everyday relationship: tension or harmony?ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 19.952Mercury flow via coal and coal utilization by-products: A global perspectiveReview ArticleResources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 52, Issue 4, Februa

9、ry 2008, Pages 571-591Arun B. Mukherjee, Ron Zevenhoven, Prosun Bhattacharya, Kenneth S. Sajwan, Ryunosuke KikuchiClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractMercury (Hg) has been known to society and

10、used since ancient times. The metal has drawn considerable attention and concern due to its toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and long range transport in the atmosphere after emission from coal-fired utilities as well various other high temperature processes. Coal is an important fuel for the p

11、roduction of heat and electricity and in recent years annual hard coal production has approached a level of around 5000 million metric tonnes (Mt, t=1000kg). Global Hg flows via coal and coal utilization by-products (CUBs) are presented in this paper, which are important in light of the regulations

12、to limit the global emissions of Hg and its cycling as well as its circulation via coal and the CUBs. There are no detailed statistics on the global production and consumption of coal fly ash (FA) and in this study, we have estimated the total global FA production for the year 2003 based on ash cont

13、ent in coals and typical flue gas control technology for pulverized coal combustion. The mode of occurrence and concentration of Hg in coal and coal FA for different countries have been evaluated and presented in this study. The total Hg amount in coals processed worldwide was found to be 1534t in 2

14、003 based on a global average concentration of 0.3mg/kg in coal. In addition, “hidden” flows of Hg through export and import of coal assessed during this study, add up to about 149t. In this study, the economic uses of the FA in different sectors such as cement industry, agriculture, land reclamatio

15、n, filers for asphalt, plastic and many others have been discussed in details. However, there is not much information on uses of coal FA in the developing countries. In the final part of the paper, a short survey has been focused on a few coal producing countries including Australia, China, EU-state

16、s, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, South Africa and South American countries, addressing the status of coal and coal FA use and the fate of the Hg that is mobilized.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Coal production and consumption 2.1. Overview2.2. Coal utilization by-products3. Mode of occurrence and c

17、oncentration of mercury in coal and coal fly ash 3.1. Mercury in coal3.2. Coal fly ash4. Utilization of fly ash5. Mercury emissions through coal combustion and coal utilization by-products 5.1. Pathways of mercury emission5.2. Mercury cycling6. Mercury flows via export and import of coal and coal fl

18、y ash7. Case studies 7.1. China 7.1.1. Coal fly ash production and uses in China7.2. India 7.2.1. Use pattern of coal fly ash in India7.2.2. Material flow7.3. Australia7.4. New EU-27 countries in Eastern Europe7.5. Korea and Japan7.6. Russian Federation7.7. South Africa7.8. South America8. Conclusio

19、nsAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 31.503Renewable energy in South Africa: Potentials, barriers and options for supportOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 4945-4954Anna PegelsClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbst

20、ract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThe challenge of transforming entire economies is enormous; even more so if a country is as fossil fuel based and emission intensive as South Africa. However, in an increasingly carbon constrained world and already now facing climate

21、 change impacts South Africa has to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity soon and decidedly. The South African electricity sector is a vital part of the economy and at the same time contributes most to the emissions problem. First steps have been taken by the South African government to enhance

22、 energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, however, they fail to show large-scale effects. This paper seeks to identify the relevant barriers to renewable energy investments and, based on experience from other countries, provide policy recommendations. The major barrier identified in the paper

23、 is based on the economics of renewable energy technologies, i.e. their cost and risk structures, two main factors in investment planning. As a solution, the South African government introduced several renewable energy support measures, such as a feed-in tariff. The paper discusses the potential and

24、 possible shortcomings of this and other existing support schemes and identifies complementing measures on a national scale.Article Outline1. The challenge2. South Africa in the face of climate change3. South Africas contribution to climate change4. The electricity sector 4.1. Structure of the South

25、 African electricity sector4.2. Barriers to renewable energy5. Promoting private-sector involvement in renewable energy 5.1. Renewable energy support schemes worldwide: an overview5.2. The South African status quo 5.2.1. Renewable energy White Paper5.2.2. Long-Term Mitigation Scenarios5.2.3. Renewab

26、le Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT)5.2.4. Tax exemption for Clean Development Mechanism revenues5.2.5. Carbon tax vs. cap and trade6. ConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 19.954Unexpected negative outcomes of community participation in low-cost housing projects in South AfricaOriginal Research ArticleHabitat

27、 International, Volume 32, Issue 1, March 2008, Pages 1-14Gonzalo Lizarralde, Mark MassynClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractIt is often argued that users participation is crucial for the perfo

28、rmance of low-cost housing projects. It is also believed that users make the most appropriate decisions about their own housing solutions and that they know what is best for them. Following this belief, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in housing projects in Cape Town (South Africa) hav

29、e based their interventions in community participation initiatives that respond to what they call the decisions of the community. However, this community-based approach has had unexpected consequences that perpetuate some of the shortcomings that profit-driven builders, planners and public projects

30、have inflicted in South African cities: low densities, urban fragmentation, limited opportunities for economic growth, etc. The unexpected negative consequences found in three case studies show that (i) the overall performance of low-cost housing projects does not depend on community participation (

31、as some authors and NGOs suggest); (ii) some of the mechanisms and the advantages of community participation need to be reconsidered. They also suggest that the desires of a community cannot legitimate a wrong decision, particularly if the desires of a group negatively affect the urbanities and the

32、city at large.Article OutlineCommunity participationCommunity participation in South AfricaSouth African cities and housingPerformance of low-cost housing projectsResearch methods and fieldworkCase study: NetregCase study: Freedom ParkCase study: MfuleniDiscussion and conclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences