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combination of approachesinnovation systems.docx

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combinationofapproachesinnovationsystems

Augmentedinformality:

SouthAfrica'sbackyarddwellingsasaby-productofformalhousingpolicies  OriginalResearchArticle

HabitatInternational,Volume33,Issue4,October2009,Pages472-484

CharlotteLemanski

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

InsufficientandinadequatehousingfortheurbanpoorhasalonghistoryinSouthAfrica,asinotherAfricancities.Nearlyone-fifthofurbanhouseholdsinSouthAfricaresideinaninformaldwelling.Whilemostliveininformalsettlements,significantproportionshaveerectedinformalstructures（essentially‘shacks’）inthebackyardofanotherproperty,adistinctlySouthAfricanphenomenon.Backyarddwellingshavehistoricallybeenoverlookedbyhousingpoliciesthatfocusonupgradingand/oreradicatinginformalsettlements.Previously,backyarddwellerswereperceivedasmarginalised,livinginappallingconditionsandexploitedbycavalierlandlords.However,thepost-apartheidprovisionofstate-fundedhousingforthepoorhasalteredthenatureofbackyardhousing,creatinganewclassofcash-poorhomeownerswhoaredependentonincomefrombackyarddwellers'rent,thusensuringamoreequitablepowerpendulumbetweenlandlordandtenant.Thispaperusesresearchconductedinalow-incomestate-subsidisedhousingsettlementinCapeTowntoexplorethenewdimensionsofinformalbackyardhousing,bothforlandlordsandtenants,asaconsequenceofSouthAfrica'sformalhousingpolicies.

ArticleOutline

Introduction

BackyarddwellingsinSouthAfrica:

history

BackyarddwellingsinSouthAfrica:

existingresearch

BackyarddwellingsinSouthAfrica:

policy

Casestudy:

Westlakevillage

Extent:

dominantornegligible?

Whyliveinabackyarddwelling?

Accesstoservices

Locationandflexibility

Tenuresecurity

Failuresofthehousingpolicy

Whydopropertyownershavebackyarddwellings?

Spaceforfamily

Mechanismtogenerateincome

Failuresofhousingpolicy

Landlord–tenantrelationship

Financialrelationship:

profit-seekingorsurvival?

Everydayrelationship:

tensionorharmony?

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

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2

Mercuryflowviacoalandcoalutilizationby-products:

Aglobalperspective  ReviewArticle

Resources,ConservationandRecycling,Volume52,Issue4,February2008,Pages571-591

ArunB.Mukherjee,RonZevenhoven,ProsunBhattacharya,KennethS.Sajwan,RyunosukeKikuchi

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Abstract

Mercury（Hg）hasbeenknowntosocietyandusedsinceancienttimes.Themetalhasdrawnconsiderableattentionandconcernduetoitstoxicity,persistence,bioaccumulationandlongrangetransportintheatmosphereafteremissionfromcoal-firedutilitiesaswellvariousotherhightemperatureprocesses.Coalisanimportantfuelfortheproductionofheatandelectricityandinrecentyearsannualhardcoalproductionhasapproachedalevelofaround5000millionmetrictonnes（Mt,t = 1000 kg）.GlobalHgflowsviacoalandcoalutilizationby-products（CUBs）arepresentedinthispaper,whichareimportantinlightoftheregulationstolimittheglobalemissionsofHganditscyclingaswellasitscirculationviacoalandtheCUBs.Therearenodetailedstatisticsontheglobalproductionandconsumptionofcoalflyash（FA）andinthisstudy,wehaveestimatedthetotalglobalFAproductionfortheyear2003basedonashcontentincoalsandtypicalfluegascontroltechnologyforpulverizedcoalcombustion.ThemodeofoccurrenceandconcentrationofHgincoalandcoalFAfordifferentcountrieshavebeenevaluatedandpresentedinthisstudy.ThetotalHgamountincoalsprocessedworldwidewasfoundtobe1534 tin2003basedonaglobalaverageconcentrationof0.3 mg/kgincoal.Inaddition,“hidden”flowsofHgthroughexportandimportofcoalassessedduringthisstudy,adduptoabout149 t.Inthisstudy,theeconomicusesoftheFAindifferentsectorssuchascementindustry,agriculture,landreclamation,filersforasphalt,plasticandmanyothershavebeendiscussedindetails.However,thereisnotmuchinformationonusesofcoalFAinthedevelopingcountries.Inthefinalpartofthepaper,ashortsurveyhasbeenfocusedonafewcoalproducingcountriesincludingAustralia,China,EU-states,India,Japan,Korea,Russia,SouthAfricaandSouthAmericancountries,addressingthestatusofcoalandcoalFAuseandthefateoftheHgthatismobilized.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Coalproductionandconsumption

2.1.Overview

2.2.Coalutilizationby-products

3.Modeofoccurrenceandconcentrationofmercuryincoalandcoalflyash

3.1.Mercuryincoal

3.2.Coalflyash

4.Utilizationofflyash

5.Mercuryemissionsthroughcoalcombustionandcoalutilizationby-products

5.1.Pathwaysofmercuryemission

5.2.Mercurycycling

6.Mercuryflowsviaexportandimportofcoalandcoalflyash

7.Casestudies

7.1.China

7.1.1.CoalflyashproductionandusesinChina

7.2.India

7.2.1.UsepatternofcoalflyashinIndia

7.2.2.Materialflow

7.3.Australia

7.4.NewEU-27countriesinEasternEurope

7.5.KoreaandJapan

7.6.RussianFederation

7.7.SouthAfrica

7.8.SouthAmerica

8.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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3

RenewableenergyinSouthAfrica:

Potentials,barriersandoptionsforsupport  OriginalResearchArticle

EnergyPolicy,Volume38,Issue9,September2010,Pages4945-4954

AnnaPegels

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Abstract

Thechallengeoftransformingentireeconomiesisenormous;evenmoresoifacountryisasfossilfuelbasedandemissionintensiveasSouthAfrica.However,inanincreasinglycarbonconstrainedworldandalreadynowfacingclimatechangeimpactsSouthAfricahastoreducegreenhousegasemissionsintensitysoonanddecidedly.TheSouthAfricanelectricitysectorisavitalpartoftheeconomyandatthesametimecontributesmosttotheemissionsproblem.FirststepshavebeentakenbytheSouthAfricangovernmenttoenhanceenergyefficiencyandpromoterenewableenergy,however,theyfailtoshowlarge-scaleeffects.Thispaperseekstoidentifytherelevantbarrierstorenewableenergyinvestmentsand,basedonexperiencefromothercountries,providepolicyrecommendations.

Themajorbarrieridentifiedinthepaperisbasedontheeconomicsofrenewableenergytechnologies,i.e.theircostandriskstructures,twomainfactorsininvestmentplanning.Asasolution,theSouthAfricangovernmentintroducedseveralrenewableenergysupportmeasures,suchasafeed-intariff.Thepaperdiscussesthepotentialandpossibleshortcomingsofthisandotherexistingsupportschemesandidentifiescomplementingmeasuresonanationalscale.

ArticleOutline

1.Thechallenge

2.SouthAfricainthefaceofclimatechange

3.SouthAfrica’scontributiontoclimatechange

4.Theelectricitysector

4.1.StructureoftheSouthAfricanelectricitysector

4.2.Barrierstorenewableenergy

5.Promotingprivate-sectorinvolvementinrenewableenergy

5.1.Renewableenergysupportschemesworldwide:

anoverview

5.2.TheSouthAfricanstatusquo

5.2.1.RenewableenergyWhitePaper

5.2.2.Long-TermMitigationScenarios

5.2.3.RenewableEnergyFeed-InTariff（REFIT）

5.2.4.TaxexemptionforCleanDevelopmentMechanismrevenues

5.2.5.Carbontaxvs.capandtrade

6.Conclusions

References

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4

Unexpectednegativeoutcomesofcommunityparticipationinlow-costhousingprojectsinSouthAfrica  OriginalResearchArticle

HabitatInternational,Volume32,Issue1,March2008,Pages1-14

GonzaloLizarralde,MarkMassyn

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Abstract

Itisoftenarguedthatusers’participationiscrucialfortheperformanceoflow-costhousingprojects.Itisalsobelievedthatusersmakethemostappropriatedecisionsabouttheirownhousingsolutionsandthattheyknowwhatis‘best’forthem.Followingthisbelief,non-governmentalorganizations（NGOs）workinginhousingprojectsinCapeTown（SouthAfrica）havebasedtheirinterventionsincommunityparticipationinitiativesthatrespondtowhattheycall‘thedecisionsofthecommunity’.However,thiscommunity-basedapproachhashadunexpectedconsequencesthatperpetuatesomeoftheshortcomingsthatprofit-drivenbuilders,plannersandpublicprojectshaveinflictedinSouthAfricancities:

lowdensities,urbanfragmentation,limitedopportunitiesforeconomicgrowth,etc.Theunexpectednegativeconsequencesfoundinthreecasestudiesshowthat（i）theoverallperformanceoflow-costhousingprojectsdoesnotdependoncommunityparticipation（assomeauthorsandNGOssuggest）;（ii）someofthemechanismsandtheadvantagesofcommunityparticipationneedtobereconsidered.Theyalsosuggestthatthedesiresofacommunitycannotlegitimateawrongdecision,particularlyifthedesiresofagroupnegativelyaffecttheurbanitiesandthecityatlarge.

ArticleOutline

Communityparticipation

CommunityparticipationinSouthAfrica

SouthAfricancitiesandhousing

Performanceoflow-costhousingprojects

Researchmethodsandfieldwork

Casestudy:

Netreg

Casestudy:

FreedomPark

Casestudy:

Mfuleni

Discussionandconclusions

Acknowledgements

References