杜昶旭阅读课讲义.docx

1、杜昶旭阅读课讲义阅读课讲义主讲：杜昶旭花花（Fleur）根据老杜录音整理 怎样的考试和怎样的我们. 托福考试的本质探求对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知 托福到底有多难？ 习惯的说法：高考六级考研托福SATGREGMATLSAT 用合理的方式进行难度的评价 从“OF”到“IN” Test OF English：“对”英语的测试 TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language) IELTS (International English Language Testing System) TOEIC (T

2、est Of English for International Communication) CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4) CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6) PETS (Public English Test System) Test IN English：“用”英语的测试 GRE (Graduate Record Examination) GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) LSAT (Law Sc

3、hool Admission Test) NCEE (National College Entrance Examination) NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination) 托福作为语言考试的本质 测试考生对英语的综合应用能力包括听、说、读、写的独立能力和综合能力； 测试考生在实际的学习、生活过程中的语言应用能力所有测试内容均与实际结合； 考生的英语水平与分数具有直接相关性零基础测试假设； 包含且仅包含语言使用过程中的所有因素词汇、句子、语篇、语境、交流方式。 托福考试的本质探求从形式特征到内容特征 The TOFEL IBT Reading

4、section includes 3 to 5 reading passages, each approximately 700 words long. There are 12 to 14 questions per passage. You have from 60 to 100 minutes to answer all questions in the section. (Official Guide .p.19)Most questions are worth 1 points but the last question in each set is worth more than

5、1 points. The directions indicate how many points you may receive. (Reading section directions in actual test)托福阅读的形式特征 ETS所阐述的形式 文章数量：或篇这样安排是为了为了匹配时间，的考生希望遇到 考试时间：每篇文章分钟 文章长度：字左右 题目数量篇 每题原始分数：最后一题分，其他题目分 分值范围：标准分分（分数对应规则参照新托福官方指南页）我们的实际情况：我们的听说读写都一样差，我们认为自己阅读能力强幻觉。或者都一样，而且，其中只有或者个段子是算分的。（篇中有两篇并不算分，

6、但是我们都不知道是哪两篇） 时段划分：个（分分）或个（分分分）； The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts. (Reading section directions in the actual test )A clock in the top of the screen will show how much time to available to answer these questions.(Reading section direction in the first model test)Within each

7、part, you can go to the next question by clicking Next. You may skip question and go back to them later. If you want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and which you have not answer

8、ed. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the Reading section. (Reading section directions in the actual test)Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation. (Reading

9、 section directions in the actual test)You have seen all of the questions in this part of the Reading section. You have time left to Review. As long as there is time remaining, you can check your work.Click on Return to continue working.Click on Review to see the review screen for this section.Click

10、 on Continue to go on.Once you leave this part of the Reading Section, you WILL NOT be able to return to it. . (Reading section directions in the actual test)计时方式：由系统自动进行倒计时； 常用按钮：Next, Back, Review, Return, Continue 单词划线解释：对考生友好还是浪费时间？（韦氏11版）笔记区 不要提前，尽量晚开考；考试休息期间别到处走动，可以听听其他人考口语，提前准备自己的口语话题。准备周期：个月

11、为比较理想；单词生词率：；以后会介绍如何推断单词词义以及如何背单词。考试注意点（口语）：声音宏亮，语速稳定，逻辑清晰和TOFEL是全集和子集的关系，一个是all, 一个是none，老俞的红宝书剔除了TOFEL单词。背单词完全可以背一样的。一本红宝书就可以了。重要的是词表，分类。高中毕业生的语文水平就已经达到了handle的能力了。托福分数计算方法：分数（小于的人数等于的人数的一半）/总分数TOFEL分数分就是我们的目标。无障碍GRE分，数学分，作文分。成绩是分开看的从PBT到IBT的阅读习惯变化 垂直阅读和水平阅读的差异 视线与思维同步的问题 纸张和屏幕的差异 对比度差异所带来的视觉疲劳感 是

12、否可以做标记带来的记忆效果差异 托福阅读的内容特征This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. (Reading section directions in the actual test) 托福考试的话题特征Campus life Academic issue 阅读只考学术文章。科普文章和TOFEL的专业词汇比例一般都在左右，GRE在左右大百科全书：大英百科，微软百科，wiki百科Questions are intended to measure your understandin

13、g of the passages in terms of the following: Vocabulary and grammar Major ideas and important information Relative importance of ideas Relationship of ideas to each other Organization of ideas and concepts. (Reading section directions in the actual test) 词汇 习惯性认知的误区：提高词汇量就等于提高了阅读能力。 托福的词汇考查方式查看缺陷解决方

14、案语言能力的基础词汇认知：认识or不认识一词多义，熟词僻意词汇推断 语法 习惯性认知的误区，语法不好，英语同样能学好； 语法的重要性，语法之于语言正如法律之如社会； 托福阅读如何进行语法考查？ 输出能力（口语和写作）中的语法考查检查是否主动犯错。 输入能力（阅读和听力）中的语法考查通过语法设置障碍解释成绩：在ETS保留的时间是年，在学校申请日期截止日之前考完即可。科普阅读建议：大百科全书（大英和微软百科，还有w i ki 百科） Discovery，国家地理，等主题和重要信息 主题 习惯性认知的错误，主题能用一两句话（尤其是各段首句）简单概括。 托福阅读文章的新特点：标题。 托福文章的主题类型

15、特征Single-focus 一个主题，多个方面Multi-focus 多个主题，多个方面 托福文章主题的考察方式to make a summary：6选3，多句话概括 the topic of a paragraph 重要信息 细节信息 习惯性认知的错误：细节是具体的描述性内容，是零散无关的 细节作为重要信息所包含的内容general statement 局部范围内的概括 更重要 some related details(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪- TRUE? FALSE? N

16、OT GIVEN? 细节信息的考察方式认知：文中有还是没有辨析：信息ture or false推断信息 习惯性认知的错误：推断信息和细节信息等同 区分事实信息（Statement）和推断信息（Inference）需要逻辑支撑 内容推断和态度推断（why how） 推断信息的推理逻辑 信息优先级 习惯性认知的误区：在英语阅读中，我们从来不关心信息优先级。 关注信息优先级的方法： 兴趣驱动（Interest-driven） 知识驱动（Knowledge-driven）：TOFEL最多 逻辑驱动（Logic-driven）：GRE,SAT多 关系与结构 习惯性认知的误区：英语阅读中我们过多地关注了信

17、息本身，却忽略了信息之间的关系关联信息被离散化。 不同层次的信息关系，句子和句子的关系，段落和段落的关系。 信息结构与思维框架（Mental Framework） M.F. organizationM.F. ideas(Major/Minor) priorityrelationship essential/ non essential 树形结构，后续文章要比前面有进步。Opportunities and CompetitorsGrowth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.

18、The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of ones money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left ov

19、er for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism i

20、s relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction,

21、with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are “opportunists”. At this other extreme are “competitors”, almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Thei

22、r seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. This very

23、 short-lived plants reproduce prolifically, that is to say they provided a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parents plants. A new plant will spring up whether a seed falls on a suitable soil surface but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space

24、, water or sunlight. These plants are termed “opportunists” because they rely on their seeds falling into settings where competing 笔记区B.G.1st organism expend energy budgetB.G.2nd organism allocate energy Genetic package SM.G.RDifference:=growth and reproduction3rd (Topic)plants have been removed by

25、natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, or landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide set

26、ting with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens. Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adve

27、rsely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstablesoaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived and spend rel

28、atively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, out-competing all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste fou

29、l because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energ

30、y spend on building leaves, trunks, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressure

31、of competition or predation than on it ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics. Opp := energy : RG Comp:=energy