英语语法与写作基础.docx

1、英语语法与写作基础英语语法根底一、词性1. 名词(noun n.)：表示人或物的名称，man, teacher, book, music, time等。另有专有名词如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。动名词也是名词，由动词+ing构成，表示某种行为，如：swimming, playing basketball, being short等。在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位语。如：I love studying English in my leisure / spare / free time. 主语、宾语Being short is n

2、ot a disadvantage. 主语、表语Therailway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. 定语We made him monitor. 宾语补足语We Chinese people mean what we say. 同位语2. 各种代词(pronoun pron.)指代人或物，如人称代词he, she, us, them, 指示代词this, that, these, 不定代词some, any, someone, something, all, each，疑问代词what, which等。代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾

3、语，少数可以做表语、同位语、定语。What has happened to him? 主语、宾语This is my book. Yours is over there. 定语、主语Theyeach / all got a birthday present. 同位语。 当然，还有主语they也是代词。注意：反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语，绝对不能做主语! 例如：He himself is to blame for the mistake. 同位语He isnt himself / doesnt look / feel / seem himself today. 表语He slipped, b

4、ut didnt hurt himself. 宾语3. 形容词 (adjective adj./a.)形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：He is said to be a handsome boy. 定语He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. 表语He fell down to the ground, dead. 主语补足语4. 副词 (adverbial adv./ad.)副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。He plays the piano well / very well. 修饰动

5、词短语plays the piano， very又修饰副词wellShe is very / really / pretty beautiful. 修饰形容词beautifulSurprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. 修饰整个句子注意一词多义、一词多性现象：She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. 形容词，“生病的，句中作表语ill effects / discipline / temper / humor形容词，“不好的；糟糕的；有害的，只能作前置定语ill-e

6、quipped / ill-treat / speak ill of sb 副词，“坏地；糟糕地，做状语a cure for all the nations ills 名词，“问题；困难，作宾语。The book is very good and worth reading a second time. 程度副词，“非常地，做状语。He is the very man for the job. 形容词，“恰恰是；正是等表示强调的意思，只能做前置定语。He played the instrument so well that he won first prize. 副词，“好地Hell get

7、well soon. 形容词，“身体好的；健康的，只能作表语。We used to get our water from a well. 名词，“井；水井；油井；气井With tears welling in his eyes, she went away. 动词，“液体流出；涌出5. 介词 (preposition prep.)英语中的介词不能单独使用，通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，一起做句子的状语、定语、表语、补足语。Ill put my name on the back of the envelope. 地点状语She didnt remember the name on the bac

8、k of the envelope. 后置定语He was on holiday at the time. 表语、时间状语He left his keys in the dormitory. 宾语补足语6. 连词 (conjunction conj.)英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。并列连词主要有and, but, or, so, for；从属连词引导从句，按功能分有引导状语从句的because, since, as, although, so that等，引导定语从句的that, which, who, whose, when, where等，还有引导名词性从句的

9、that, who, which, whether, where等。We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. 引导并列句，表示转折BeforeI could think of a reply, she went away. 引导时间状语从句Since everybody is here, lets begin. 引导原因状语从句Who is the man that is sitting at the back? 引导定语从句This is the hospital where / in which she

10、 was born. 引导定语从句Thatno one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. 引导名词性从句的主语从句Im delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. 两个从句，分别有由that和what引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句The question is whether we can get in touch with him. 引导名词性从句的表语从句7. 动词 (verb v.)动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：1与物动词与不与物动词2动作动词行为动词与状态动词

11、静态动词，含系动词、结果动词3实义动词与助动词含情态助动词4持续动词与瞬间动词5谓语动词与非谓语动词关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。二、英语的句子成分小结1. 主语：由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当Iwas / Theywere young and energetic. Who / What makes him so upset? To learn / Learning English is easy.Who will go there / Whether or not the meeting will be held is not decided yet.2. 谓语：由谓

12、语动词来充当，有时态和语态主动语态与被动语态变化Spending moneyis fun. He didnt go with us for lack of money.I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest. The car must have been stolen.3. 宾语：由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当I want to go home right now. I appreciate your help / your helping me. He didnt say why /when he was leavin

13、g.4. 定语：由形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。The small boy (sitting / seated) under the tree is Tom. The boy (who is seated / sitting)under the tree is Tom.5. 补足语：由名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当，有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种The news made me happy / on top of the world. He was elected / mademonitor. He

14、wanted the work to be done by Friday. Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately.6. 状语：由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。He remained seated there / throughout the party. He jumped with joywhen he

15、 heard the news. To learn English well, you should read widely. Dressed in / Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.7. 表语系动词be和半系动词之后：由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当He is like his father / a student / handsome. The chicken smells / tastes good. He looks worried / like his father. The story sounds interest

16、ing. Something must have gone wrong.8. 同位语英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同位语从句充当He praised us all in class. 宾语us的同位语They all/ each got a reward. 主语they的同位语I saw the president himself. 宾语the president的同位语We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. 主语we的同位语；宾语the news的同位语从句三、助动词小结助动词主要是帮助谓语动词

17、改变形式，如否认式、疑问式、进展式、完成式、被动式、强调式等。1助动词has, have, had后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的完成时，用于肯定句、否认句、疑问句Ihave finished all my homework. / Have you finished your homework? - No, I havent.She has gone to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.The train had already left when she arrived at the station.2助动词is, am, are, was, were

18、, has been, have been, had been, will bea) 后接动词的-ing形式，构成谓语动词的进展式What are you doingnow? - Im watching TV at home.Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident happened.Ihave been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to solve the problem.She is not working in Beijing now;

19、she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her fortune.We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.b) 后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of things (had been) stolen.The suspension bridge will be

20、 pleted next month.I cant lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.3助动词do, does, dida) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否认式、疑问式We dont go to school on Sunday. Do you?She doesnt work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.Did you go to the cinema with her last night? - No, I didnt.b) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“

21、确实；确实；务必，仅用于肯定句Idid return the money to you.She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.Ido believe that he is the best man for the job.Do be careful next time.4情态助动词can/could, may/might, must, should, will/would, shall, need, ought等。情态助动词与上述助动词在用法唯一不同的是，情态助动词有特定的意义，表达说话人某种特定

22、的感情，所以叫情态助动词。Youve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.Ididnt hear the phone. Imust have been asleep.You neednt e if you dont want to.You neednt have hurried. There was plenty of time left.There is a knock on the door. Who can it be?Icant find my umb

23、rella. Who can have taken it?What shall we do now?You should not have left her alone at home last night.四、非谓语动词小结动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词1动词不定式带to、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动词不定式带to只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语一般为时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语用分词，其中，现在分词表示主动、过去分词表示被动。To learn English well, you should read widely. 动词不定式作目的状语With this,

24、he left, never to return. 动词不定式作结果状语Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. 现在分词作时间状语，跟主语是主动关系He came running towards his mother. 现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语是主动关系She came, acpanied by her mother. 过去分词作伴随状语，跟主语是被动关系。注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。2动词不定式带to、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其中，动词不定式表示将来的行为，现在分词表示主动和正在进展，过去分词表示被动

25、和已经发生。The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong. 动词不定式作定语The boy wearing glasses is my next-door neighbor. 现在分词作定语The stolen car was discovered near a river. 过去分词作定语需要注意的是，某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，它们是：序数词、only、动作性名词，如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness, pressure等。此时如此不用考虑时间

26、概念。He is always the first to e and the last to leave.He is the only teacher to understand me.I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.另外还有一种结构being + 过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进展的被动行为：The matter being discussed is very important.The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer.注：动词不定式、现在分

27、词、过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语必须其修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。3动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下3种情况：a动词不定式带to，跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，如：ask / tell / order / persuade / allow / forbid sb to do，其否认式是not to do。变为被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词不定式。I persuaded him not to go there alone.We are not allowed to smoke at school.The novel is bel

28、ieved / is reported / is said to have been translated into Chinese.b动词不定式不带to、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see, hear, notice, observe后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进展，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。I noticed him enter the school gate.They saw him walking towards the school.She was frightened to see the old man knocked

29、 down by a car.变为被动结构时，动词不定式要加to，现在分词和过去分词不变，同时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。He was noticed to enter the school gate.They were never heard to have a quarrel.A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.c动词不定式不带to、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let, make, have后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示持续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。The

30、teacher had me rewrite my position.She made me wash the car for a week.Id like to have this package weighed, please.He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.注：从词义上来说，let sb do = allow sb to do，have sb do = ask sb to do，而make sb do = force sb to do，其被动式be made to do 动词不定式要加to= have to do：He was made

31、to wash the car for a week.4动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语动名词，顾名思义是一个名词，虽然它是由动词+ing构成，但它不再是一个具体的动作，而是指一件事。另一方面，动名词可以加宾语或状语，也有否认式、被动式和完成式，仍然保存了一些动词的用法。Walking is a good form of exercise. 主语One of his hobbies is collecting antique coins. 表语Im considering immigrating to Canada. 动词宾语He made an apology to me for not having been able to help. 介词宾语There was much opposition to pulling down the school and b