专业英语结课翻译文档格式.docx

1、 姓 名：学 号：Solid waste disposal survey of nine cities in the United StatesAdauto Fernandes Marconsina, Derval dos Santos RosabKeywords: Management Environmental sustainability urban solid residuesBiological cycle each year on the nations annual survey of municipal solid waste disposal situation. This

2、year, the magazine published the United States in 2000 in nine major cities solid waste disposal Survey report, the main contents include the following three aspects:1. Municipal solid waste collection and resources garbage collection caseShown in Table 1, the solid waste collection system of the Ci

3、ty of New York City is the most complete, and the only one to provide garbage collection service to all households in the city, New York City solid waste disposal budget than several other City much more. As can be seen from Table 1, in nine major cities, the amount of garbage collected by the colle

4、ction department of public garbage collection departments and private companies are significantly different. New York City and Dallas public collection departments and private companies refuse collected almost 1:1; than in urban areas and the amount of waste collected by private companies in Los Ang

5、eles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San DiegoPublic collected departments much more. As can be seen from Table 1, the vast majority of the citys public waste collection system has not yet reached 100%, this is mainly because these cities is not responsible for the public collection system to collect hig

6、h-rise building household garbage, this part of the garbage by the private sector collection. Another point worth noting is that three years ago, the city resource garbage collection has not yet reached every home, now, the urban resource garbage recycling and solid waste collection to achieve synch

7、ronization, figures can be seen from Table 1, the two between almost a 1:1 relationship. 2. Waste recycling and organics collection numberTable 2 provides municipal waste recycling and organics collection number three cities to provide private sector waste recycling. New York City waste collection s

8、tatistics within the jurisdiction of New York City most of the waste is transported to places outside New York City for processing, where the waste recycling statistics is very difficult, for the lack of these places waste recovery data, it is relatively low quantities of waste recovered in New York

9、 City. New York City Municipal officials estimate that 5 to 6 times higher than the figures in the table, in New York City, the total amount of waste recycling. Chicago and Philadelphia, the implementation of a Waste Recycling Act of decrees prescribing privatization of municipal waste collection co

10、mpanies must regularly report to the municipal government and relevant data, so these two cities waste recycling data are listed in the table. Other cities do not have the situation in this regard.Table 2 also shows the total collection of the organic matter collection system, the vast majority of t

11、he city to provide organic matter to collect data, very large changes in the various cities of the amount of organic matter collected. City of Los Angeles organics collection accounted for 49.3% of the total amount of waste recovery; Chicago, organics collection accounted for 46.7% of the total amou

12、nt of waste recovery. Both cities attaches great importance to the weekly yard waste collection activities, Chicagos blue bag collection activities, including the collection of items such as paper, glass bottles, plastic containers and beverage cans, and organic matter. In addition, environmental pr

13、ofessional and technical personnel of the City of Chicago to design a the precision mixed waste processing equipment, such equipment can be automatically mixed waste sorting organics materials, the last organic particles made of high calorific value used as fuel. The amount of organic matter collect

14、ed in San Diego （organics collection accounted for 73% of the total waste recycling, which is 84,400 tons）, including major public places and parks greenery garbage and residents yard waste curbside collection.Can also be seen from Table 2, we recognize the significance of the collection of organic

15、matter, Los Angeles, San Diego and Chicago, this attaches great importance to the collection of organic matter, and achieved very encouraging results. Several other cities did not attract enough attention the collection of organic matter, thus the relatively low number of organic collection. Compare

16、d, and several other cities in New York City waste recovery rate is the highest, according to New York City municipal officials say, this is caused by a number of factors, in New York City waste recycling regulations allow residents in the volume of large metal containers with food residue, beverage

17、 cans and paper together on both sides of the street waiting for curbside collection. New York City waste paper recycling accounted for 58%, metal, glass and plastic recycling 42%, because the addition of a large volume metal container recycling, the amount of waste recycling in New York City increa

18、sed by 20 million tons based on the original.New York City made gratifying achievements Another factor that New York City is a densely populated regions, households, mostly residents of high-rise buildings, waste recycling activities is likely to yield results. In addition, the New York City waste d

19、isposal channels - Flesch Jier Zi waste sanitary landfill was closed last year, the development of new sanitary landfill is very difficult, forcing New York City garbage recycling and waste re- use to find a way out, to minimize waste generation, thus greatly increasing waste recovery.3. Municipal s

20、olid waste disposal budget allocationsAs can be seen in Table 3, investment and budget of major U.S. cities in the waste recycling, composting and other forms of waste recycling is very different, up to 23%, a minimum of 4%. Automatic waste recycling processing facilities and organic treatment facil

21、ities in the city, the capital invested and fees should be higher, there is no automatic recovery of waste processing facilities and organic treatment facilities in the city, only with the waste collection system in the city, the investment costs to be lower.Table 3 also shows that: nine major citie

22、s each family of municipal solid waste disposal costs, up to $ 215.75, a minimum of $ 144.18, which is constituted by a variety of factors, including local processing costs, equipment and human resource allocation policy, housing density, and waste recycling range, all of these factors determine hou

23、sehold waste disposal costs. Chicago with a huge investment in the mixed waste processing facilities, waste recycling cooperation in the entire city collection part of the project, for which Table 3 fails to list the City of Chicago waste recycling funding figures. Follows that the budget percentage

24、 of solid waste disposal in the city of Chicago will be relatively high. 4. Materials and methodsA qualitative study involving socioeconomic and environmental aspects was undertaken based on the criteria defined by Andr（2005）. This work was done in the municipality of So Bernardo do Campo and involv

25、ed interviews with public managers, members of the So Bernardo do Campo city hall, members of the Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e CidadaniaRaio de Luz” and managers of the solid waste collection company Vega Engenhar

26、ia Ambiental, as well as the analysis of appropriate documents made available by the So Bernardo do Campo city hall （Prefeitura Municipal de So Bernardo do Campo, 2010）. Theforms of municipal solid waste management in the MC and MPPP were identified and quantified through interviews and documentary

27、research, essentially as described by Boni and Quaresma （2005） and Mundina （2005）.Fig. 1 shows a flowchart of waste management in the MC program of the municipality of So Bernardo do Campo. Solid waste collection by MC involves 203 voluntary delivery points, four ecological collections points and 70

28、0 containers. Two associations of recyclers （the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Refazendo” and “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”） sort and commercialize the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is taken to the Lara embankment.Fig. 2 shows a flowchart of waste management by the manag

29、ement by MPPP program of the municipality of So Bernardo do Campo. Solid waste collection by MPPP involves 603 voluntary delivery points, 26 ecological collections points, door-to-door selective collection and 2500 containers. In addition, more four associations of recyclers, sort and commercialize

30、the recyclable material. Non-recyclable waste is sent to the waste processing and recuperation system （WPRS） that produces more recyclable material and compost. The organic compounds and new recyclable materials are marketed; any additional non-recyclable waste is directed to the energy recovery uni

31、t （ERU）. The resulting energy is commercialized and used to generate slag and ashes that is subsequently disposed of at an environmentally correct destination.The data for 2011 and 2012 shown in Tables 14 were based on samples of municipal solid waste collected throughout the municipality of So Bern

32、ardo do Campo, i.e., the entire municipality was included in this analysis. Data were collected from （a） two public managers, a director and a technical assistant in the Department of Urban Sanitation of the So Bernardo do Campo city hall, （b） two managers, the Chairman and the Secretary of each of two Associations of Recyclable Material Collectors （the “Centro de Ecologiae Cidadania Refazendo” and the “Centro de Ecologia e Cidadania Raio de Luz”） and （c） two directors from each of the two companies responsible for managing the collection of municipal waste in the municipa