专业英语结课翻译文档格式.docx

专业英语结课翻译文档格式.docx

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SolidwastedisposalsurveyofninecitiesintheUnitedStates

AdautoFernandesMarconsina,DervaldosSantosRosab

Keywords:

Management

Environmentalsustainability

urbansolidresidues

Biologicalcycleeachyearonthenation'

sannualsurveyofmunicipalsolidwastedisposalsituation.Thisyear,themagazinepublishedtheUnitedStatesin2000inninemajorcitiessolidwastedisposalSurveyreport,themaincontentsincludethefollowingthreeaspects:

1.Municipalsolidwastecollectionandresourcesgarbagecollectioncase

ShowninTable1,thesolidwastecollectionsystemoftheCityofNewYorkCityisthemostcomplete,andtheonlyonetoprovidegarbagecollectionservicetoallhouseholdsinthecity,NewYorkCitysolidwastedisposalbudgetthanseveralotherCitymuchmore.AscanbeseenfromTable1,inninemajorcities,theamountofgarbagecollectedbythecollectiondepartmentofpublicgarbagecollectiondepartmentsandprivatecompaniesaresignificantlydifferent.NewYorkCityandDallaspubliccollectiondepartmentsandprivatecompaniesrefusecollectedalmost1:

1;

thaninurbanareasandtheamountofwastecollectedbyprivatecompaniesinLosAngeles,Chicago,PhiladelphiaandSanDiego

Publiccollecteddepartmentsmuchmore.AscanbeseenfromTable1,thevastmajorityofthecity'

spublicwastecollectionsystemhasnotyetreached100%,thisismainlybecausethesecitiesisnotresponsibleforthepubliccollectionsystemtocollecthigh-risebuildinghouseholdgarbage,thispartofthegarbagebytheprivatesectorcollection.Anotherpointworthnotingisthatthreeyearsago,thecityresourcegarbagecollectionhasnotyetreachedeveryhome,now,theurbanresourcegarbagerecyclingandsolidwastecollectiontoachievesynchronization,figurescanbeseenfromTable1,thetwobetweenalmosta1:

1relationship.

2.Wasterecyclingandorganicscollectionnumber

Table2providesmunicipalwasterecyclingandorganicscollectionnumberthreecitiestoprovideprivatesectorwasterecycling.NewYorkCitywastecollectionstatisticswithinthejurisdictionofNewYorkCitymostofthewasteistransportedtoplacesoutsideNewYorkCityforprocessing,wherethewasterecyclingstatisticsisverydifficult,forthelackoftheseplaceswasterecoverydata,itisrelativelylowquantitiesofwasterecoveredinNewYorkCity.NewYorkCityMunicipalofficialsestimatethat5to6timeshigherthanthefiguresinthetable,inNewYorkCity,thetotalamountofwasterecycling.ChicagoandPhiladelphia,theimplementationofaWasteRecyclingActofdecreesprescribingprivatizationofmunicipalwastecollectioncompaniesmustregularlyreporttothemunicipalgovernmentandrelevantdata,sothesetwocitieswasterecyclingdataarelistedinthetable.Othercitiesdonothavethesituationinthisregard.

Table2alsoshowsthetotalcollectionoftheorganicmattercollectionsystem,thevastmajorityofthecitytoprovideorganicmattertocollectdata,verylargechangesinthevariouscitiesoftheamountoforganicmattercollected.CityofLosAngelesorganicscollectionaccountedfor49.3%ofthetotalamountofwasterecovery;

Chicago,organicscollectionaccountedfor46.7%ofthetotalamountofwasterecovery.Bothcitiesattachesgreatimportancetotheweeklyyardwastecollectionactivities,Chicago'

s"

bluebag"

collectionactivities,includingthecollectionofitemssuchaspaper,glassbottles,plasticcontainersandbeveragecans,andorganicmatter.Inaddition,environmentalprofessionalandtechnicalpersonneloftheCityofChicagotodesignatheprecisionmixedwasteprocessingequipment,suchequipmentcanbeautomaticallymixedwastesortingorganicsmaterials,thelastorganicparticlesmadeofhighcalorificvalueusedasfuel.TheamountoforganicmattercollectedinSanDiego（organicscollectionaccountedfor73%ofthetotalwasterecycling,whichis84,400tons）,includingmajorpublicplacesandparksgreenerygarbageandresidentsyardwastecurbsidecollection.

CanalsobeseenfromTable2,werecognizethesignificanceofthecollectionoforganicmatter,LosAngeles,SanDiegoandChicago,thisattachesgreatimportancetothecollectionoforganicmatter,andachievedveryencouragingresults.Severalothercitiesdidnotattractenoughattentionthecollectionoforganicmatter,thustherelativelylownumberoforganiccollection.Compared,andseveralothercitiesinNewYorkCitywasterecoveryrateisthehighest,accordingtoNewYorkCitymunicipalofficialssay,thisiscausedbyanumberoffactors,inNewYorkCitywasterecyclingregulationsallowresidentsinthevolumeoflargemetalcontainerswithfoodresidue,beveragecansandpapertogetheronbothsidesofthestreetwaitingforcurbsidecollection.NewYorkCitywastepaperrecyclingaccountedfor58%,metal,glassandplasticrecycling42%,becausetheadditionofalargevolumemetalcontainerrecycling,theamountofwasterecyclinginNewYorkCityincreasedby20milliontonsbasedontheoriginal.

NewYorkCitymadegratifyingachievementsAnotherfactorthatNewYorkCityisadenselypopulatedregions,households,mostlyresidentsofhigh-risebuildings,wasterecyclingactivitiesislikelytoyieldresults.Inaddition,theNewYorkCitywastedisposalchannels-FleschJierZiwastesanitarylandfillwasclosedlastyear,thedevelopmentofnewsanitarylandfillisverydifficult,forcingNewYorkCitygarbagerecyclingandwastere-usetofindawayout,tominimizewastegeneration,thusgreatlyincreasingwasterecovery.

3.Municipalsolidwastedisposalbudgetallocations

AscanbeseeninTable3,investmentandbudgetofmajorU.S.citiesinthewasterecycling,compostingandotherformsofwasterecyclingisverydifferent,upto23%,aminimumof4%.Automaticwasterecyclingprocessingfacilitiesandorganictreatmentfacilitiesinthecity,thecapitalinvestedandfeesshouldbehigher,thereisnoautomaticrecoveryofwasteprocessingfacilitiesandorganictreatmentfacilitiesinthecity,onlywiththewastecollectionsysteminthecity,theinvestmentcoststobelower.

Table3alsoshowsthat:

ninemajorcitieseachfamilyofmunicipalsolidwastedisposalcosts,upto$215.75,aminimumof$144.18,whichisconstitutedbyavarietyoffactors,includinglocalprocessingcosts,equipmentandhumanresourceallocationpolicy,housingdensity,andwasterecyclingrange,allofthesefactorsdeterminehouseholdwastedisposalcosts.Chicagowithahugeinvestmentinthemixedwasteprocessingfacilities,wasterecyclingcooperationintheentirecitycollectionpartoftheproject,forwhichTable3failstolisttheCityofChicagowasterecyclingfundingfigures.FollowsthatthebudgetpercentageofsolidwastedisposalinthecityofChicagowillberelativelyhigh.

4.Materialsandmethods

AqualitativestudyinvolvingsocioeconomicandenvironmentalaspectswasundertakenbasedonthecriteriadefinedbyAndré

（2005）.ThisworkwasdoneinthemunicipalityofSã

oBernardodoCampoandinvolvedinterviewswithpublicmanagers,membersoftheSã

oBernardodoCampocityhall,membersoftheAssociationsofRecyclableMaterialCollectors“CentrodeEcologiaeCidadaniaRefazendo”and“CentrodeEcologiaeCidadaniaRaiodeLuz”andmanagersofthesolidwastecollectioncompanyVegaEngenhariaAmbiental,aswellastheanalysisofappropriatedocumentsmadeavailablebytheSã

oBernardodoCampocityhall（PrefeituraMunicipaldeSã

oBernardodoCampo,2010）.The

formsofmunicipalsolidwastemanagementintheMCandMPPPwereidentifiedandquantifiedthroughinterviewsanddocumentaryresearch,essentiallyasdescribedbyBoniandQuaresma（2005）andMundina（2005）.

Fig.1showsaflowchartofwastemanagementintheMCprogramofthemunicipalityofSã

oBernardodoCampo.SolidwastecollectionbyMCinvolves203voluntarydeliverypoints,fourecologicalcollectionspointsand700containers.Twoassociationsofrecyclers（the“CentrodeEcologiaeCidadaniaRefazendo”and“CentrodeEcologiaeCidadaniaRaiodeLuz”）sortandcommercializetherecyclablematerial.Non-recyclablewasteistakentotheLaraembankment.

Fig.2showsaflowchartofwastemanagementbythemanagementbyMPPPprogramofthemunicipalityofSã

oBernardodoCampo.SolidwastecollectionbyMPPPinvolves603voluntarydeliverypoints,26ecologicalcollectionspoints,door-to-doorselectivecollectionand2500containers.Inaddition,morefourassociationsofrecyclers,sortandcommercializetherecyclablematerial.Non-recyclablewasteissenttothewasteprocessingandrecuperationsystem（WPRS）thatproducesmorerecyclablematerialandcompost.Theorganiccompoundsandnewrecyclablematerialsaremarketed;

anyadditionalnon-recyclablewasteisdirectedtotheenergyrecoveryunit（ERU）.Theresultingenergyiscommercializedandusedtogenerateslagandashesthatissubsequentlydisposedofatanenvironmentallycorrectdestination.

Thedatafor2011and2012showninTables1–4werebasedonsamplesofmunicipalsolidwastecollectedthroughoutthemunicipalityofSã

oBernardodoCampo,i.e.,theentiremunicipalitywasincludedinthisanalysis.Datawerecollectedfrom（a）twopublicmanagers,adirectorandatechnicalassistantintheDepartmentofUrbanSanitationoftheSã

oBernardodoCampocityhall,（b）twomanagers,theChairmanandtheSecretaryofeachoftwoAssociationsofRecyclableMaterialCollectors（the“CentrodeEcologia

eCidadaniaRefazendo”andthe“CentrodeEcologiaeCidadaniaRaiodeLuz”）and（c）twodirectorsfromeachofthetwocompaniesresponsibleformanagingthecollectionofmunicipalwasteinthemunicipa