Quality Assurance Terms GlossaryWord文件下载.docx

1、（Top） A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aacceptable quality level （AQL）The maximum percentage or proportion of nonconformities in a lot or batch that can be considered satisfactory as a process average.acceptance samplingStatistical quality control technique used in deciding to acc

2、ept or reject a shipment of input or output.active data gatheringA method for gathering data that involves approaching respondents to get information.actively solicited customer feedbackProactive methods for obtaining customer feedback such as calling customers on the telephone or inviting customers

3、 to participate in focus groups.activity network diagramAlso knows as a PERT diagram, an activity network diagram is a tool used in controlling projects.aestheticsA dimension of quality that refers to subjective sensory characteristics such as taste, sound, look, and smell.affinity diagramA tool tha

4、t is used to help groups identify the common themes that are associated with a particular problem.alignmentTerm that refers to optimal coordination among disparate departments and divisions within a firm.andonA Japanese term that refers to the warning lights on an assembly line that light up when a

5、defect occurs. When the lights go on, the assembly line is usually stopped until the problem is diagnosed and corrected.annuity relationshipThis occurs when a business receives many repeat purchases from a customer. The income is received steadily over time from a single customer.appraisal costsExpe

6、nses associated with the direct costs of measuring quality.assuranceA dimension of service quality that refers to the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence.attributeA binomial state of being.Abilene Paradox - Based on a story of a group of people that

7、ended up agreeing to go to Abilene, when in reality none of them wanted to go. A book by the same name 1974 describes the phenomenon in teams or task groups that causes people to say and do things in order to gain or keep approval of others in the group. This, and the tendency to focus on difference

8、s rather than points of agreement may cause a group to fail to recognize they are each after the same goals. The need to be accepted as part of the group may result in a collective self-deception that leads to self-accountability - Holding an individual or group subject to blame or penalty for the r

9、esults of specified tasks, functions or results. The risk can be that the individual or group, while having responsibility to make a contribution to the task or result, cannot control all of the factors affecting the outcome and may be blamed （or credited） undeservedly for effects of other factors.a

10、ccreditation certification by a duly recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service or operational group or individual to provide the specific service（s） or operation（s） needed.accredited registrars Qualified organizations certified by a n

11、ational body （e.g., the Registrar Accreditation Board in the U. S.） to perform audits to the QS-9000 and to register the audited facility as meeting these requirements for a given commodity. accuracy - The degree of agreement of the results of a measurement process with an established standard （see

12、Precision）. Assumes the measurement process is in statistical control. A tool that is used to help groups identify the common themes that are associated with a particular problem. A process to organize disparate language information by placing it on cards and grouping the cards that go together in a

13、 creative way. “Header” cards are then used to summarize each group of cards.algorithm - A procedure for carrying out a task. alternative hypothesis - a null hypothesis （typically that there is no effect） is compared with an alternative hypothesis （typically that there is an effect, or that there is

14、 an effect of a particular sign）.ANOVA Analysis of Variance. A statistical method for understanding the similarities and differences between different distributions.ANOVA studies - similar to T tests, except that more statistical information is obtained about the components of product and process va

15、riation.（1） Expenses associated with the direct costs of measuring quality.appraisal costs （2） costs incurred to determine the degree of conformance to quality requirementsassignable cause （1） Outside influences on the processs performance that change the nature and add variation to a process. One s

16、hould look for assignable causes for points outside the control limits or points inside the limits with unnatural patterns.assignable cause （2） （Also Special Cause） A source of variation that is not part of the inherent variation for which it is often possible to assign the reason for the variation.

17、A characteristic that can take only one value.attributes data （1） （Also discrete data） Can be described as the number of times something happens or not and is therefore an integer quantity. Attribute data cannot be logically subdivided; you cannot have 0.4 of a defect.attributes data （2） - Data aris

18、ing by classifying the individual outcomes of a process into two or more categories -or by counting the number of occurrences per unit of time, area or volume.attritionThe practice of not hiring new employees to replace older employees who either quit or retire.assessment An evaluation process inclu

19、ding a document review, an on-site audit and an analysis and report. audit An onsite verification activity used to determine the effective implementation of a suppliers documented quality system. audit Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it obje

20、ctively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled. audit client Organization or person requesting an audit.audit conclusion Outcome of an audit provided by the audit team after consideration of the audit objectives and all audit findings. audit criteria Set of policies, procedure

21、s or requirements used as a reference （while conducting an audit）. auditee Organization being audited. audit evidence Records, statements of fact or other information which are relevant to the audit criteria and verifiable. audit findings Results of the evaluation of the collected audit evidence aga

22、inst audit criteria. auditor Person with the competence to conduct an audit. audit program Set of one or more audits planned for a specific time frame and directed towards a specific purpose. audit team One or more auditors conducting an audit.average outgoing quality （AOQ）: The expected average qua

23、lity level of outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality. average outgoing quality limit （AOQL）: The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification. average run lengths （ARL）: On a cont

24、rol chart, the number of subgroups expected to be inspected before a shift in magnitude takes place. average sample number （ASN）: The average number of sample units inspected per lot in reaching decisions to accept or reject. average total inspection （ATI）: The average number of units inspected per

25、lot, including all units in rejected lots （applicable when the procedure calls for 100% inspection of rejected lots）. award auditsSite visits relating to award programs.axioms of probability There are three axioms of probability: （1） Chances are always at least zero. （2） The chance that something ha

26、ppens is 100%. （3） If two events cannot both occur at the same time （if they are disjoint or mutually exclusive）, the chance that either one occurs is the sum of the chances that each occurs.Bbalanced scorecard: A suggested tool to describe the relevant measures of a business, usually in the following categories: financial, or return on investment and economic value-added;customer, or satisfaction, retention, market and account share;