Quality Assurance Terms GlossaryWord文件下载.docx

Quality Assurance Terms GlossaryWord文件下载.docx

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A

acceptablequalitylevel（AQL） 

Themaximumpercentageorproportionofnonconformitiesinalotorbatchthatcanbeconsideredsatisfactoryasaprocessaverage.

acceptancesampling 

Statisticalqualitycontroltechniqueusedindecidingtoacceptorrejectashipmentofinputoroutput.

activedatagathering 

Amethodforgatheringdatathatinvolvesapproachingrespondentstogetinformation.

activelysolicitedcustomerfeedback 

Proactivemethodsforobtainingcustomerfeedbacksuchascallingcustomersonthetelephoneorinvitingcustomerstoparticipateinfocusgroups.

activitynetworkdiagram 

AlsoknowsasaPERTdiagram,anactivitynetworkdiagramisatoolusedincontrollingprojects.

aesthetics 

Adimensionofqualitythatreferstosubjectivesensorycharacteristicssuchastaste,sound,look,andsmell.

affinitydiagram 

Atoolthatisusedtohelpgroupsidentifythecommonthemesthatareassociatedwithaparticularproblem.

alignment 

Termthatreferstooptimalcoordinationamongdisparatedepartmentsanddivisionswithinafirm.

andon 

AJapanesetermthatreferstothewarninglightsonanassemblylinethatlightupwhenadefectoccurs.Whenthelightsgoon,theassemblylineisusuallystoppeduntiltheproblemisdiagnosedandcorrected.

annuityrelationship 

Thisoccurswhenabusinessreceivesmanyrepeatpurchasesfromacustomer.Theincomeisreceivedsteadilyovertimefromasinglecustomer.

appraisalcosts 

Expensesassociatedwiththedirectcostsofmeasuringquality.

assurance 

Adimensionofservicequalitythatreferstotheknowledgeandcourtesyofemployeesandtheirabilitytoinspiretrustandconfidence.

attribute 

Abinomialstateofbeing.

AbileneParadox-BasedonastoryofagroupofpeoplethatendedupagreeingtogotoAbilene,wheninrealitynoneofthemwantedtogo.Abookbythesamename[1974]describesthephenomenoninteamsortaskgroupsthatcausespeopletosayanddothingsinordertogainorkeepapprovalofothersinthegroup.This,andthetendencytofocusondifferencesratherthanpointsofagreementmaycauseagrouptofailtorecognizetheyareeachafterthesamegoals.Theneedtobeacceptedaspartofthegroupmayresultina"

collectiveself-deceptionthatleadstoself-

accountability-Holdinganindividualorgroupsubjecttoblameorpenaltyfortheresultsofspecifiedtasks,functionsorresults.Theriskcanbethattheindividualorgroup,whilehavingresponsibilitytomakeacontributiontothetaskorresult,cannotcontrolallofthefactorsaffectingtheoutcomeandmaybeblamed（orcredited）undeservedlyforeffectsofotherfactors.

accreditationcertificationbyadulyrecognizedbodyofthefacilities,capability,objectivity,competence,andintegrityofanagency,serviceoroperationalgrouporindividualtoprovidethespecificservice（s）oroperation（s）needed.

accreditedregistrarsQualifiedorganizationscertifiedbyanationalbody（e.g.,theRegistrarAccreditationBoardintheU.S.）toperformauditstotheQS-9000andtoregistertheauditedfacilityasmeetingtheserequirementsforagivencommodity.

accuracy-Thedegreeofagreementoftheresultsofameasurementprocesswithanestablishedstandard（see"

Precision"

）.Assumesthemeasurementprocessisinstatisticalcontrol.

Atoolthatisusedtohelpgroupsidentifythecommonthemesthatareassociatedwithaparticularproblem.Aprocesstoorganizedisparatelanguageinformationbyplacingitoncardsandgroupingthecardsthatgotogetherinacreativeway.“Header”cardsarethenusedtosummarizeeachgroupofcards.

algorithm-Aprocedureforcarryingoutatask.

alternativehypothesis-anullhypothesis（typicallythatthereisnoeffect）iscomparedwithanalternativehypothesis（typicallythatthereisaneffect,orthatthereisaneffectofaparticularsign）.

ANOVAAnalysisofVariance.Astatisticalmethodforunderstandingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweendifferentdistributions.

ANOVAstudies-similartoTtests,exceptthatmorestatisticalinformationisobtainedaboutthecomponentsofproductandprocessvariation.

（1）Expensesassociatedwiththedirectcostsofmeasuringquality.

appraisalcosts

（2）costsincurredtodeterminethedegreeofconformancetoqualityrequirements

assignablecause

（1）Outsideinfluencesontheprocess'

sperformancethatchangethenatureandaddvariationtoaprocess.Oneshouldlookforassignablecausesforpointsoutsidethecontrollimitsorpointsinsidethelimitswithunnaturalpatterns.

assignablecause

（2）（AlsoSpecialCause）Asourceofvariationthatisnotpartoftheinherentvariationforwhichitisoftenpossibletoassignthereasonforthevariation.

Acharacteristicthatcantakeonlyonevalue..

attributesdata

（1）（Alsodiscretedata）Canbedescribedasthenumberoftimessomethinghappensornotandisthereforeanintegerquantity.Attributedatacannotbelogicallysubdivided;

youcannothave0.4ofa‘defect’.

attributesdata

（2）-Dataarisingbyclassifyingtheindividualoutcomesofaprocessintotwoormorecategories-orbycountingthenumberofoccurrencesperunitoftime,areaorvolume.

attrition 

Thepracticeofnothiringnewemployeestoreplaceolderemployeeswhoeitherquitorretire.

assessmentAnevaluationprocessincludingadocumentreview,anon-siteauditandananalysisandreport.

auditAnonsiteverificationactivityusedtodeterminetheeffectiveimplementationofasupplier'

sdocumentedqualitysystem.

auditSystematic,independentanddocumentedprocessforobtainingauditevidenceandevaluatingitobjectivelytodeterminetheextenttowhichauditcriteriaarefulfilled.

auditclientOrganizationorpersonrequestinganaudit.

auditconclusionOutcomeofanauditprovidedbytheauditteamafterconsiderationoftheauditobjectivesandallauditfindings.

auditcriteriaSetofpolicies,proceduresorrequirementsusedasareference（whileconductinganaudit）.

auditeeOrganizationbeingaudited.

auditevidenceRecords,statementsoffactorotherinformationwhicharerelevanttotheauditcriteriaandverifiable.

auditfindingsResultsoftheevaluationofthecollectedauditevidenceagainstauditcriteria.

auditorPersonwiththecompetencetoconductanaudit.

auditprogramSetofoneormoreauditsplannedforaspecifictimeframeanddirectedtowardsaspecificpurpose.

auditteamOneormoreauditorsconductinganaudit.

averageoutgoingquality（AOQ）:

Theexpectedaveragequalitylevelofoutgoingproductforagivenvalueofincomingproductquality.

averageoutgoingqualitylimit（AOQL）:

Themaximumaverageoutgoingqualityoverallpossiblelevelsofincomingqualityforagivenacceptancesamplingplananddisposalspecification.

averagerunlengths（ARL）:

Onacontrolchart,thenumberofsubgroupsexpectedtobeinspectedbeforeashiftinmagnitudetakesplace.

averagesamplenumber（ASN）:

Theaveragenumberofsampleunitsinspectedperlotinreachingdecisionstoacceptorreject.

averagetotalinspection（ATI）:

Theaveragenumberofunitsinspectedperlot,includingallunitsinrejectedlots（applicablewhentheprocedurecallsfor100%inspectionofrejectedlots）.

awardaudits 

Sitevisitsrelatingtoawardprograms.

axiomsofprobabilityTherearethreeaxiomsofprobability:

（1）Chancesarealwaysatleastzero.

（2）Thechancethatsomethinghappensis100%.（3）Iftwoeventscannotbothoccuratthesametime（iftheyaredisjointormutuallyexclusive）,thechancethateitheroneoccursisthesumofthechancesthateachoccurs.

B

balancedscorecard:

Asuggestedtooltodescribetherelevantmeasuresofabusiness,usuallyinthefollowingcategories:

financial,orreturnoninvestmentandeconomicvalue-added;

customer,orsatisfaction,retention,marketandaccountshare;