自考语言与文化串讲Word下载.docx

1、 seven facets a patterned activity; the appropriateness of such an activity; the particular subject, the doer, the object toward which the behaviour is directed, the recipient of the behavior; of the behavior; some means external to both the subject and object of the behaviour; the purpose of the ac

2、tivity; the result of the activity. （一系列活动；活动的适当性；活动的详细主题，实行者；活动实行的外部手段；指导主体与客体，活动的目的；活动的结果。）3. Relationship between language, culture and thought. Relationship between language and thought （language is part of culture（knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits.）,

3、 language is the carrier and container of the culture.human knowledge and experience are described and stored in language.; as a mirror of culture language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture. Such as Eskimos snow world and camel to the Arab; language also exerts its influence on culture; l

4、anguage and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other. A language can never be learned in a cultural vacuum and culture is learned through language） Thought（thought is the function and product of the human brain; thought also refers to patterns of ideas characteristic of a s

5、ocial group.） Relationship between language and thought（language is an instrument used in the communication of thought.without language thought would have no form. And others believe that ideas can exist without language; language is closely related to thinking; language represents thought, it is in

6、fluenced and shaped by thought; language is used for conveying ideas, so its structure and function must reflect these ideas; language also exerts strong influence on thought.） Concluding remarks on the relationship between language, thought and culture.（1） relationship between language and culture

7、language is part of culture language is the carrier and container of culture, as a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture. Language also exerts its influence on culture, language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other.（2） relationship

8、 between language and thoughtlanguage is on instrument used in the communication of thought.Language is closely related to thinkingSince language represents thought, it is influenced and shaped by thought.Language is used for conveying ideas, so its structure and function must reflect there ideas, l

9、anguage also exerts strong influence on thought.4. intercultural communication（it is a branch of communication, it draws theories, concepts, and methods, cultural anthropology, journalism, philosophy, history, ethnography, and international relations. It is concerned with communication among the peo

10、ple from different cultural background.）5. Exercise2010年自考语言与文化串讲2中华考试网（） 【大 中 小】 2010年9月3日 Chapter 2. Words and Meaning 1. What are words and meaning?Word（it is intuitively recognizable are basic units of meaning. ）Meaning （words represent meaning. It is included conceptual meaning and associative

11、meaning.）Conceptual Meaning（概念）（is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units.）Associative meaning included the contents as follow:Connotative meaning（内涵意义）: （is the communicative value an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. Such as “women”）Social meaning（社会意

12、义）: it is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. Such as “residence” and “domicile”）Affective meaning（情感意义）: is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in languageReflected meaning（影射含义）: it is arises in words of multiple conceptual meaning. Whe

13、n one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. Such as “the Comforter” and “the Holy Ghost” are all refer to the God. Collocative meaning（配置意义）: it is consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.Thematic meaning（专题意义）: it is what is

14、communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis. Such as active sentences and passive meaning. 2. Words and conceptual meaning2.1 Words and culture-specific conceptual meaning 2.1.1 Words and geography The United States of America 美利

15、坚合众国 The Mississippi 蜜西西河 Superior 苏必利尔湖 Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 Rocky Mountains 落矶水脉 Washington 华盛顿 Poke 美洲商陆（植物名） Terrapin 北美泥龟 The United Kingdom of Great 大不列颠及北爱尔兰 Britain and Northern Ireland 联合王国 The Thames 泰晤士河 The Channel 英吉利海峡 England 英格兰 London 伦敦 The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦 New Sou

16、th Wales 新南威尔士 Great Barrier Reef 大保礁 Great Victoria Desert 大维多利亚沙漠 Canberra 勘培拉 Koala 考拉熊 Kangaroo 袋鼠 2.1.2 Words and history The May Flower（五月花） The Revolutionary War or War of Independence（独立战争） Continental Congress（大陆会议） Emancipation Proclamation（解放宣言） Homestead Act（宅地法案） Scalp（剥带发头皮） Lynch（私刑）

17、Cowboy（牛仔） Hippie（嬉皮士） Duke（公爵） Knight（骑士） Glorious Revolution（光荣革命） Castle（城堡） Fort（要塞或堡垒式的贸易站） 2.1.3 Words and Politics United States President（总统） Congress（国会） Supreme Court（高级法院） Democratic Party（美国民主党） Republican Party（美国共和党） BritainQueen（女王） Prime Minister（首相） Parliament（议会） Labour Party（工党） C

18、onservative Party（保守党） Governor-General（总督） 2.1.4 Words and Christianity Trinity（三位一体） Bible（圣经） Catholic（天主教） Orthodox Eastern Church（东正教） Reformation（宗教改革） Protestant（新教徒） Puritan（清教徒） Mass（弥撒） 2.1.5 Words and HolidaysChristmas box（圣诞节礼） Christmas Card（圣诞贺卡） Christmas tree（圣诞树） Christmas pudding（圣

19、诞布丁） Christmas rose（圣诞玫瑰） Christmastide（圣诞节节期） Thanksgiving Day（感恩节） Boxing Day（节礼日） Easter（复活节） St. Valentines Day（情人节） April Fools Day（愚人节） Anzac Day（新澳军团日） 2.1.6 Words and living styles Hot dog（热狗） Hamburger（汉堡包） Sandwich（三明治） Pudding（布丁） Salad（沙拉） Whisky（威士忌） Cocktail（鸡尾酒） Drive-ins 汽车的 Diners （

20、用餐）Baseball （垒球）Rugby（橄榄球）Hockey（曲棍球）Water skiing（滑水）Polo（马球）Golf（高尔夫球）Striptease（脱衣舞）Love store（色情商店）X-rated sexploitation movies（）Late-late TV shows2.2 English words that correspond partially in conceptual meaning with their translation equivalents in Chinese.Intellectuals （知识分子）Social sciences （社

21、会科学）A Yard（院子） Quadrangle Courtyards （四合院）Drugstore（AE） Chemists shop （BE）（药店）GrandfatherGrandmotherFatherFather-in-lawMother-in-lawBrotherSisterSonDaughterGrandsonGranddaughterUncleAuntNephewNieceCousinChauvinist pig: 大男子主义Dude, athlete, macho, stud, hunk, Don Juan, playboy, egotist fatty bagger: 装

22、酷,受女性欢迎的, 自我中心主义者.Turkey, nerd, jerk, prick, bastard, pimp, skinhead, redneck dog: 令人讨厌的,古怪的Wimp, sissy, homosexual, queer, gay, hippie: 奇怪的, 同性恋者.Couchwarmer:Ladies manMan, boy, guy, fellow, gentleman, boyfriend, fianc, lover, sweet heart: 指男性的2.3 English words and what may be mistaken for their eq

23、uivalents in Chinese.Greenhouse（温室）Busywork（耗时而无价值的工作）Busmans holiday（消磨于与日常工作类似这活动的假日）Busybody（爱管闲事的人）Housewarming（乔迁之喜）Donkeywork（单调的日常工作）Police action（维和行动）Lowboy（矮脚抽屉柜）Free love（公开同居）First Lady（第一夫人）High school（中学）Rest room（公共建筑物内的洗水间,厕所）Equalitarianism or egalitarianism（平均主义）Lover（情人）Disinteres

24、ted（公正的,不偏不倚的）Cooker（炊事用具）Wester（西风）2.4 Words, conceptual meaning and word formationGeneral terms Terms of male Terms of female Terms for young鸡chicken 公鸡 cock 母鸡hen 小鸡chick鸭duck 公鸭drake 母鸭duck 小鸭duckling鹅goose 公鹅gander 母鹅goose 小鹅gosling马horse 公马stallion 母马mare 小马foal牛cattle, cow 公牛bull 母牛cow 小牛calf

25、羊sheep 公羊ram 母羊ewe 小羊lamb猪pig 公猪boar 母猪sow 小猪shoat狗dog 公狗dog 母狗bitch 小狗puppy猫cat 公猫tomcat 母猫cat 小猫kitten鹿deer 公鹿stag 母鹿doe 小鹿fawn2010年自考语言与文化串讲3 3. Words and associative meaning3.1 Words and connotative meaningbook: C: contain knowledge and wisdom for people, youth must learn E: it express ideas for people to consider, to agree or disagree, and to commentSexy: connotes loose sex morality it is a positive human qualityOld, young: youn