上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇.docx

1、上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇上海市各高中名校2019届高三英语题型分类专题汇编-阅读理解C篇学校:_姓名：_班级：_考号：_一、阅读选择 Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on sc

2、ientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and tech

3、niques by which previously unmanageable conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be transl

4、ated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many ha

5、ve reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn

6、that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some peopl

7、e may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue

8、, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the

9、safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is saf

10、e, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.1What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?AThe reduction of public expenditure. BQuick economic returns.CThe budget for a research project. DSupport fro

11、m the voters.2Why wont scientists complain about the governments policy concerning scientific research?AThey know it takes patience to win support from the public.BThey realize they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.CThey think compliance with government policy is in th

12、e interests of the public.DThey are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.3According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because _.Asome of them do not give priority to intellectual honestyBsometimes they hide the source of their research fund

13、ingCthey could be influenced by their association with the project concernedDtheir pronouncements often turn out to be wrong4Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?AScientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.BPeople will not bel

14、ieve scientists even when they tell the truth.CIt makes things difficult for scientists to seek research funds.DIt may wear out the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research. What is the single most effective way to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions? Go vegetarian? Replant the Amazon? Cycle to

15、 work? None of the above. The answer is: make air-conditioners radically better. On one calculation, replacing refrigerants(制冷剂) that damage the atmosphere would reduce total greenhouse gases by the equivalent of 90bn tonnes of CO2 by 2050. Making the units more energy-efficient could double that.Ai

16、r-conditioning is one of the worlds great overlooked industries. Automobiles and air-conditioners were invented at roughly the same time, and both have had a huge impact on where people live and work. Unlike cars, though, air-conditioners have drawn little criticism for their social impact, emission

17、s or energy efficiency. Most hot countries do not have rules to govern their energy use.Yet air-conditioning has done quite a lot things to benefit humankind. It has transformed productivity in the tropics and helped turn southern China into the workshop of the world. In Europe, its spread has pushe

18、d down heat-related deaths ten times less than what it was in 2003, when 70,000 people, most of them elderly, died in a heatwave. For children, air-conditioned classrooms and dormitories are associated with better grades at school.Environmentalists who call air-conditioning “a luxury we cannot affor

19、d” have half a point, however. In the next ten years, as many air-conditioners will be installed around the world as were put in between 1902 (when air-conditioning was invented) and 2005. Until energy can be produced without carbon emissions, these extra machines will warm the world. At the moment,

20、 therefore, air-conditioners create a vicious cycle. The more the earth warms, the more people need them. But the more there are, the warmer the world will be.Cutting the impact of cooling requires three things (beyond turning up the thermostat(温度调节器) to make rooms less Arctic). First, air-condition

21、ers must become much more efficient. The most energy-efficient models on the market today consume only about one-third as much electricity as average ones. Minimum energy-performance standards need to be raised, or introduced in countries that lack them altogether, to push the average units performa

22、nce closer to the standard of the best.Next, manufacturers should stop using damaging refrigerants. One category of these, hydrofluorocarbons, is over 1,000 times worse than carbon dioxide when it comes to trapping heat in the atmosphere. An international deal to phase out these pollutants, called t

23、he Kigali amendment, will come into force in 2019. Foot-draggers should approve and implement it; America is one country that has not done so.Last, more could be done to design offices, malls and even cities so they do not need as many air-conditioners in the first place. More buildings should be bu

24、ilt with overhanging roofs or balconies for shade, or with natural air-circulation. Simply painting roofs white can help keep temperatures down.Better machines are necessary. But cooling as an overall system needs to be improved if air-conditioning is to fulfil its promise to make people healthier,

25、wealthier and wiser, without too high an environmental cost. Providing indoor sanctuaries of air-conditioned comfort need not come at the expense of an overheating world.5Why does the author think air-conditioning is an overlooked industry？ABecause many hot countries havent put the energy-controllin

26、g rules into force.BBecause it has caused the same impact on peoples life and work as automobiles have.CBecause it has brought great economic, physical, and educational benefits to humans.DBecause it doesnt get the due criticism for its environmental impact as automobiles do.6What can we learn from

27、Paragraph 4?AThe price of air-conditioning will go up due to the large demand for it.BA high environmental cost will come along with the air-conditioning service.CEnvironmentalists are expecting extra machines which can warm the world.DGovernments partially agree that air-conditioning is a luxury we

28、 cannot afford.7With regard to the measures to cut the impact of cooling, which of the following statements is TRUE?AManufacturers should only stop using hydrofluorocarbons.BPeople should avoid turning up the air-conditioners to have cool rooms on hot days.CPeople should adopt more environmentally-f

29、riendly materials when designing buildings.DGovernments should give a green light to the agreement on eliminating the pollutants.8The author writes this passage to _.Aarouse peoples attention to the global warming.Bappeal for the global joint efforts to combat global warming.Cgive credit to air-cond

30、itioning for its great contributions to humansDoffer a new perspective on how to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would

31、 have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of tough trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even t

32、he best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abst