上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇.docx

上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇.docx

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上海市各高中名校届高三英语题型分类专题汇编阅读理解C篇

上海市各高中名校2019届高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解C篇

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Publicdistrustofscientistsstemsinpartfromtheblurringofboundariesbetweenscienceandtechnology,betweendiscoveryandmanufacture.Mostgovernments,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureonscientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehasbroughtinthepastandwillbringinthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvotersofthesplendidmachines“ourscientists”haveinvented,thenewdrugstorelieveolddisorders,andthenewsurgicalequipmentandtechniquesbywhichpreviouslyunmanageableconditionsmaynowbetreatedandlivessaved.Atthesametime,thepoliticiansdemandofscientiststhattheytailortheirresearchto“economicsneeds”,andthattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare“nearthemarket”andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,onpoliticiansformuchoftheirfunding,scientistshavelittlechoicebuttocomply.Liketherestofus,theyaremembersofasocietythatratesthecreationofwealthasthegreatestpossiblegood.Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasaclimatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.

Insuchcircumstancesnooneshouldbetoohardonpeoplewhoaresuspiciousofconflictsofinterest.Whenwelearnthatthedistinguishedprofessorassuringusofthesafetyofaparticularproductholdsaconsultancywiththecompanymakingit,wecannotbeblamedforwonderingwhetherhisfeemightconceivablycloudhisprofessionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemaystilldistrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomeofhisresearchfunding.

Thisattitudecanhavedamagingeffects.Itquestionstheintegrityofindividualsworkinginaprofessionthatprizesintellectualhonestyasthesupremevirtue,andplaysintothehandsofthosewhowouldliketodiscreditscientistsbyrepresentingthemascorruptible.Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas“experts”.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstandthesafetyofanuclearreactor,forexample,isanuclearengineer,andanuclearengineerismostlikelytobeemployedbythenuclearindustry.Ifanuclearengineerdeclaresthatareactorisunsafe,webelievehim,becauseclearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehemaywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.

1．Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?

A．Thereductionofpublicexpenditure.B．Quickeconomicreturns.

C．Thebudgetforaresearchproject.D．Supportfromthevoters.

2．Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?

A．Theyknowittakespatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.

B．Theyrealizetheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.

C．Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.

D．Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionstothemselves.

3．Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause______.

A．someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonesty

B．sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfunding

C．theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned

D．theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobewrong

4．Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?

A．Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.

B．Peoplewillnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.

C．Itmakesthingsdifficultforscientiststoseekresearchfunds.

D．Itmaywearouttheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.

Whatisthesinglemosteffectivewaytoreducegreenhouse-gasemissions?

Govegetarian?

ReplanttheAmazon?

Cycletowork?

Noneoftheabove.Theansweris:

makeair-conditionersradicallybetter.Ononecalculation,replacingrefrigerants（制冷剂）thatdamagetheatmospherewouldreducetotalgreenhousegasesbytheequivalentof90bntonnesofCO2by2050.Makingtheunitsmoreenergy-efficientcoulddoublethat.

Air-conditioningisoneoftheworld’sgreatoverlookedindustries.Automobilesandair-conditionerswereinventedatroughlythesametime,andbothhavehadahugeimpactonwherepeopleliveandwork.Unlikecars,though,air-conditionershavedrawnlittlecriticismfortheirsocialimpact,emissionsorenergyefficiency.Mosthotcountriesdonothaverulestogoverntheirenergyuse.

Yetair-conditioninghasdonequitealotthingstobenefithumankind.IthastransformedproductivityinthetropicsandhelpedturnsouthernChinaintotheworkshopoftheworld.InEurope,itsspreadhaspusheddownheat-relateddeathstentimeslessthanwhatitwasin2003,when70,000people,mostofthemelderly,diedinaheatwave.Forchildren,air-conditionedclassroomsanddormitoriesareassociatedwithbettergradesatschool.

Environmentalistswhocallair-conditioning“aluxurywecannotafford”havehalfapoint,however.Inthenexttenyears,asmanyair-conditionerswillbeinstalledaroundtheworldaswereputinbetween1902（whenair-conditioningwasinvented）and2005.Untilenergycanbeproducedwithoutcarbonemissions,theseextramachineswillwarmtheworld.Atthemoment,therefore,air-conditionerscreateaviciouscycle.Themoretheearthwarms,themorepeopleneedthem.Butthemorethereare,thewarmertheworldwillbe.

Cuttingtheimpactofcoolingrequiresthreethings（beyondturningupthethermostat（温度调节器）tomakeroomslessArctic）.First,air-conditionersmustbecomemuchmoreefficient.Themostenergy-efficientmodelsonthemarkettodayconsumeonlyaboutone-thirdasmuchelectricityasaverageones.Minimumenergy-performancestandardsneedtoberaised,orintroducedincountriesthatlackthemaltogether,topushtheaverageunit’sperformanceclosertothestandardofthebest.

Next,manufacturersshouldstopusingdamagingrefrigerants.Onecategoryofthese,hydrofluorocarbons,isover1,000timesworsethancarbondioxidewhenitcomestotrappingheatintheatmosphere.Aninternationaldealtophaseoutthesepollutants,calledtheKigaliamendment,willcomeintoforcein2019.Foot-draggersshouldapproveandimplementit;Americaisonecountrythathasnotdoneso.

Last,morecouldbedonetodesignoffices,mallsandevencitiessotheydonotneedasmanyair-conditionersinthefirstplace.Morebuildingsshouldbebuiltwithoverhangingroofsorbalconiesforshade,orwithnaturalair-circulation.Simplypaintingroofswhitecanhelpkeeptemperaturesdown.

Bettermachinesarenecessary.Butcoolingasanoverallsystemneedstobeimprovedifair-conditioningistofulfilitspromisetomakepeoplehealthier,wealthierandwiser,withouttoohighanenvironmentalcost.Providingindoorsanctuariesofair-conditionedcomfortneednotcomeattheexpenseofanoverheatingworld.

5．Whydoestheauthorthinkair-conditioningisanoverlookedindustry？

A．Becausemanyhotcountrieshaven’tputtheenergy-controllingrulesintoforce.

B．Becauseithascausedthesameimpactonpeople’slifeandworkasautomobileshave.

C．Becauseithasbroughtgreateconomic,physical,andeducationalbenefitstohumans.

D．Becauseitdoesn’tgettheduecriticismforitsenvironmentalimpactasautomobilesdo.

6．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph4?

A．Thepriceofair-conditioningwillgoupduetothelargedemandforit.

B．Ahighenvironmentalcostwillcomealongwiththeair-conditioningservice.

C．Environmentalistsareexpectingextramachineswhichcanwarmtheworld.

D．Governmentspartiallyagreethatair-conditioningisaluxurywecannotafford.

7．Withregardtothemeasurestocuttheimpactofcooling,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A．Manufacturersshouldonlystopusinghydrofluorocarbons.

B．Peopleshouldavoidturninguptheair-conditionerstohavecoolroomsonhotdays.

C．Peopleshouldadoptmoreenvironmentally-friendlymaterialswhendesigningbuildings.

D．Governmentsshouldgiveagreenlighttotheagreementoneliminatingthepollutants.

8．Theauthorwritesthispassageto_______.

A．arousepeople’sattentiontotheglobalwarming.

B．appealfortheglobaljointeffortstocombatglobalwarming.

C．givecredittoair-conditioningforitsgreatcontributionstohumans

D．offeranewperspectiveonhowtoreducegreenhousegassesemissions

Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold（霉）onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoftoughtrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.

Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabst