中国外运校园招聘笔试题文档格式.docx

1、Directions: After reading the passages, decide which of the four choices-A,B,C or D-best answers the question. All answers should be based on what is stated in or on what can be inferred from the readings.A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the gr

2、eat confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for walkers, but she replied: Im going to walk where I like. Weve got liberty now. It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the

3、 middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody elses way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with t

4、he basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his

5、hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a rea

6、sonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social o

7、rder which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody elses liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say no t

8、o me? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache （which heaven forbid）, or wearing an overcoat and slippers, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no mans permissio

9、n. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask

10、no ones leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of actionbecomes qualified by other peoples liberty. I might like to practice on the piano f

11、rom midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to play the piano must not interfere with their liberty to sl

12、eep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to adapt my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings

13、 of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits of com

14、monplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his rule of the road（paragraph 2） asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. do not behave inconsiderately in publicC. do what you like in privateD. liberty is more import

15、ant than anarchy2. The authors attitude to the old lady in paragraph 1 isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objectiveE. supportive3. Qualified （paragraph 4） most nearly meansA. accreditedB. improvedC. limitedD. educated4. The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress a

16、nd foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. public places as long as no one sees him5. In the sentence We are all liable. （underlined, paragraph 5） the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC.

17、suggesting a remedyD. modifying his point of viewPassage2The Scientific MethodHypotheses, said Medawar in 1964, are imaginative and inspirational in character; they are adventures of the mind. He was arguing in favor of the position taken by Karl Popper in the Logic of Scientific Discovery （1972, 3r

18、d edition） that the nature of scientific method is hypothetico- deductive and not, as is generally believed, inductive.It is essential that you, as an intending researcher, understand the difference between these twointerpretations of the research process so that you do not become discouraged or beg

19、in to suffer from a feeling of cheating or not going about it the right way.The myth of scientific method is that it is inductive; that the formulation of scientific theory starts with the basic, raw evidence of the senses- simple, unbiased, unprejudiced observation. Out of these sensory data common

20、ly referred to as facts generalizations will form. The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. However, the starting point of induction is an impossible one.There is no such thing as an unbiased observation. Every act of observatio

21、n we make is a function what we have seen or otherwise experienced in the past. All scientific work of an experimental or exploratory nature starts with some expectation about the outcome. This expectation is a hypothesis. Hypotheses provide the initiative and incentive for the inquiry and influence

22、 the method. It is in the light of an expectation that some observations are held to be relevant and some irrelevant, that one methodology is chosen and others discarded, that some experiments are conducted and others are not. Where is your nave, pure and objective researcher now?Hypotheses arise by

23、 guesswork, or by inspiration, but having been formulated they can and must be tested rigorously, using the appropriate methodology. If the predictions you make as a result of deducing certain consequences from your hypothesis are not shown to be correct then you discard or modify your hypothesis. I

24、f the predictions turn out to be correct then your hypothesis has been supported and may be retained until such time as some further test shows it not to be correct. Once you have arrived at your hypothesis, which is a product of your imagination, you then proceed to a strictly logical and rigorous

25、process, based upon deductive argument hence the term hypothetico deductive.So dont worry if you have some idea of what your results will tell you before you even begin to collect data; there are no scientists in existence who really wait until they have all the evidence in front of them before they

26、 try to work out what it might possibly mean. The closest we ever get to this situation is when something happens by accident; but even then the researcher has to formulate a hypothesis to be tested before being sure that, for example, a mould might prove to be a successful antidote to bacterial inf

27、ection.The myth of scientific method is not only that it is inductive （which we have seen is incorrect） but also that the hypothetico-deductive method proceeds in a step-by-step, inevitable fashion. The hypothetico-deductive method describes the logical approach to much research work, but it does no

28、t describe the psychological behavior that brings it about. This is much more holistic-involving guesses, reworkings, corrections, blind alleys and above all inspiration, in the deductive as well as the hypothetic component than is immediately apparent from reading the final thesis or published pape

29、rs. These have been, quite properly, organized into a more serial, logical order so that the worth of the output may be evaluated independently of the behavioral processes by which it was obtained. It is the difference, for example between the academic papers with which Crick and Watson demonstrated

30、 the structure of the DNA molecule and the fascinating book The Double Helix in which Watson （1968） described how they did it. From this point of view scientific method may more usefully be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.Do the following statements

31、 reflect the opinions of the writer in Reading Passage2? Question 6-10 on your answer sheet writeYesif the statement reflects the opinion of the writerNoif the statement contradicts the opinion of the writerNot Givenif the statement is not given in the passage6. Popper says that the scientific metho

32、d is hypothetico-deductive.7. If a prediction based on a hypothesis is fulfilled, then the hypothesis is confirmed as true.8. Many people carry out research in a mistaken way.9. The scientific method is more a way of describing research than a way of doing it.10. The writers main purpose in is to help Ph. D students by explaining different conceptions of the research process.Se