中国外运校园招聘笔试题文档格式.docx

中国外运校园招聘笔试题文档格式.docx

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Directions:

Afterreadingthepassages,decidewhichofthefourchoices---A,B,CorD---bestanswersthequestion.Allanswersshouldbebasedonwhatisstatedinoronwhatcanbeinferredfromthereadings.

AstoutoldladywaswalkingwithherbasketdownthemiddleofastreetinPetrogradtothegreatconfusionofthetrafficandwithnosmallperiltoherself.Itwaspointedouttoherthatthepavementwastheplaceforwalkers,butshereplied:

'

I'

mgoingtowalkwhereIlike.We'

vegotlibertynow.'

Itdidnotoccurtothedearoldladythatiflibertyentitledthepedestriantowalkdownthemiddleoftheroad,thentheendofsuchlibertywouldbeuniversalchaos.Everybodywouldbegettingineverybodyelse'

swayandnobodywouldgetanywhere.Individuallibertywouldhavebecomesocialanarchy.

Thereisadangeroftheworldgettingliberty-drunkinthesedaysliketheoldladywiththebasket,anditisjustaswelltoremindourselvesofwhattheruleoftheroadmeans.Itmeansthatinorderthatthelibertiesofallmaybepreserved,thelibertiesofeverybodymustbecurtailed.Whenthepoliceman,say,atPiccadillyCircusstepsintothemiddleoftheroadandputsouthishand,heisthesymbolnotoftyranny,butofliberty.Youmaynotthinkso.Youmay,beinginahurry,andseeingyourcarpulledupbythisinsolenceofoffice,feelthatyourlibertyhasbeenoutraged.Howdarethisfellowinterferewithyourfreeuseofthepublichighway?

Then,ifyouareareasonableperson,youwillreflectthatifhedidnotinterferewithyou,hewouldinterferewithnoone,andtheresultwouldbethatPiccadillyCircuswouldbeamaelstromthatyouwouldnevercrossatall.Youhavesubmittedtoacurtailmentofprivatelibertyinorderthatyoumayenjoyasocialorderwhichmakesyourlibertyareality.

Libertyisnotapersonalaffaironly,butasocialcontract.Itisanaccommodationofinterests.Inmatterswhichdonottouchanybodyelse'

sliberty,ofcourse,ImaybeasfreeasIlike.IfIchoosetogodowntheroadinadressing-gownwhoshallsaynotome?

Youhavelibertytolaughatme,butIhavelibertytobeindifferenttoyou.AndifIhaveafancyfordyeingmyhair,orwaxingmymoustache（whichheavenforbid）,orwearinganovercoatandslippers,orgoingtobedlateorgettingupearly,Ishallfollowmyfancyandasknoman'

spermission.IshallnotinquireofyouwhetherImayeatmustardwithmymutton.Andyouwillnotaskmewhetheryoumayfollowthisreligionorthat,whetheryoumaypreferEllaWheelerWilcoxtoWordsworth,orchampagnetoshandy.

InalltheseandathousandotherdetailsyouandIpleaseourselvesandasknoone'

sleave.Wehaveawholekingdominwhichwerulealone,candowhatwechoose,bewiseorridiculous,harshoreasy,conventionalorodd.Butdirectlywestepoutofthatkingdom,ourpersonallibertyofaction

becomesqualifiedbyotherpeople'

sliberty.Imightliketopracticeonthepianofrommidnighttillthreeinthemorning.IfIwentontothetopofEveresttodoit,Icouldpleasemyself,butifIdoitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andifIdoitoutinthestreetstheneighborswillremindmethatmylibertytoplaythepianomustnotinterferewiththeirlibertytosleepinquiet.Therearealotofpeopleintheworld,andIhavetoadaptmylibertytotheirliberties.

Weareallliabletoforgetthis,andunfortunatelywearemuchmoreconsciousoftheimperfectionsofothersinthisrespectthanofourown.Areasonableconsiderationfortherightsorfeelingsofothersisthefoundationofsocialconduct.

Itisinthesmallmattersofconduct,intheobservanceoftheruleoftheroad,thatwepassjudgmentuponourselves,anddeclarethatwearecivilizedoruncivilized.Thegreatmomentsofheroismandsacrificearerare.Itisthelittlehabitsofcommonplaceintercoursethatmakeupthegreatsumoflifeandsweetenormakebitterthejourney.

1.Theauthormighthavestatedhis‘ruleoftheroad’（paragraph2）as

A.donotwalkinthemiddleoftheroad

B.donotbehaveinconsideratelyinpublic

C.dowhatyoulikeinprivate

D.libertyismoreimportantthananarchy

2.Theauthor’sattitudetotheoldladyinparagraph1is

A.condescending

B.intolerant

C.objective

E.supportive

3.‘Qualified’（paragraph4）mostnearlymeans

A.accredited

B.improved

C.limited

D.educated

4.Theauthorassumesthathemaybeasfreeashelikesin

A.allmattersofdressandfood

B.anysituationwhichdoesnotinterferewiththelibertyofothers

C.anythingthatisnotagainstthelaw

D.publicplacesaslongasnooneseeshim

5.Inthesentence‘Weareallliable. ’（underlined,paragraph5）theauthoris

A.pointingoutageneralweakness

B.emphasizinghismainpoint

C.suggestingaremedy

D.modifyinghispointofview

Passage2

TheScientificMethod

‘Hypotheses,’saidMedawarin1964,‘areimaginativeandinspirationalincharacter’;

theyare‘adventuresofthemind’.HewasarguinginfavorofthepositiontakenbyKarlPopperintheLogicofScientificDiscovery（1972,3rdedition）thatthenatureofscientificmethodishypothetico-deductiveandnot,asisgenerallybelieved,inductive.

Itisessentialthatyou,asanintendingresearcher,understandthedifferencebetweenthesetwo

interpretationsoftheresearchprocesssothatyoudonotbecomediscouragedorbegintosufferfromafeelingof‘cheating’ornotgoingaboutittherightway.

Themythofscientificmethodisthatitisinductive;

thattheformulationofscientifictheorystartswiththebasic,rawevidenceofthesenses-simple,unbiased,unprejudicedobservation.Outofthesesensorydata–commonlyreferredtoas‘facts’–generalizationswillform.Themythisthatfromadisorderlyarrayoffactualinformationanorderly,relevanttheorywillsomehowemerge.However,thestartingpointofinductionisanimpossibleone.

Thereisnosuchthingasanunbiasedobservation.Everyactofobservationwemakeisafunctionwhatwehaveseenorotherwiseexperiencedinthepast.Allscientificworkofanexperimentalorexploratorynaturestartswithsomeexpectationabouttheoutcome.Thisexpectationisahypothesis.Hypothesesprovidetheinitiativeandincentivefortheinquiryandinfluencethemethod.Itisinthelightofanexpectationthatsomeobservationsareheldtoberelevantandsomeirrelevant,thatonemethodologyischosenandothersdiscarded,thatsomeexperimentsareconductedandothersarenot.Whereisyournaï

ve,pureandobjectiveresearchernow?

Hypothesesarisebyguesswork,orbyinspiration,buthavingbeenformulatedtheycanandmustbetestedrigorously,usingtheappropriatemethodology.Ifthepredictionsyoumakeasaresultofdeducingcertainconsequencesfromyourhypothesisarenotshowntobecorrectthenyoudiscardormodifyyourhypothesis.Ifthepredictionsturnouttobecorrectthenyourhypothesishasbeensupportedandmayberetaineduntilsuchtimeassomefurthertestshowsitnottobecorrect.Onceyouhavearrivedatyourhypothesis,whichisaproductofyourimagination,youthenproceedtoastrictlylogicalandrigorousprocess,basedupondeductiveargument–hencetheterm‘hypothetico

–deductive’.

Sodon’tworryifyouhavesomeideaofwhatyourresultswilltellyoubeforeyouevenbegintocollectdata;

therearenoscientistsinexistencewhoreallywaituntiltheyhavealltheevidenceinfrontofthembeforetheytrytoworkoutwhatitmightpossiblymean.Theclosestweevergettothissituationiswhensomethinghappensbyaccident;

buteventhentheresearcherhastoformulateahypothesistobetestedbeforebeingsurethat,forexample,amouldmightprovetobeasuccessfulantidotetobacterialinfection.

Themythofscientificmethodisnotonlythatitisinductive（whichwehaveseenisincorrect）butalsothatthehypothetico-deductivemethodproceedsinastep-by-step,inevitablefashion.Thehypothetico-deductivemethoddescribesthelogicalapproachtomuchresearchwork,butitdoesnotdescribethepsychologicalbehaviorthatbringsitabout.Thisismuchmoreholistic-involvingguesses,reworkings,corrections,blindalleysandaboveallinspiration,inthedeductiveaswellasthehypotheticcomponent–thanisimmediatelyapparentfromreadingthefinalthesisorpublishedpapers.Thesehavebeen,quiteproperly,organizedintoamoreserial,logicalordersothattheworthoftheoutputmaybeevaluatedindependentlyofthebehavioralprocessesbywhichitwasobtained.Itisthedifference,forexamplebetweentheacademicpaperswithwhichCrickandWatsondemonstratedthestructureoftheDNAmoleculeandthefascinatingbookTheDoubleHelixinwhichWatson（1968）describedhowtheydidit.Fromthispointofview‘scientificmethod’maymoreusefullybethoughtofasawayofwritingupresearchratherthanasawayofcarryingitout.

DothefollowingstatementsreflecttheopinionsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?

Question6-10onyouranswersheetwrite

Yes ifthestatementreflectstheopinionofthewriter

No ifthestatementcontradictstheopinionofthewriter

NotGiven ifthestatementisnotgiveninthepassage

6.Poppersaysthatthescientificmethodishypothetico-deductive.

7.Ifapredictionbasedonahypothesisisfulfilled,thenthehypothesisisconfirmedastrue.

8.Manypeoplecarryoutresearchinamistakenway.

9.The‘scientificmethod’ismoreawayofdescribingresearchthanawayofdoingit.

10.Thewriter’smainpurposeinistohelpPh.Dstudentsbyexplainingdifferentconceptionsoftheresearchprocess.

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