复习材料英语2.docx

1、复习材料英语2复习材料2：Part I. Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter

2、on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.(1)Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, of “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and fi

3、nally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient? Romans probably invented sales by auct

4、ion, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in the way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and

5、nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetabl

6、es and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christies and Sothebys in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the

7、articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in num

8、erical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct inter

9、est in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries

10、 among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult

11、to stop a “knock-out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the

12、 dealers. 1. Auctioned good are sold A. for the highest price offered. B. only at fixed prices. C. at a price less than their true value. D. very cheaply.2. The Romans used to sell by auction A. spoilt goods. B. old worn-out weapons. C. property taken from the enemy. D. spears.3. An auction catalogu

13、e gives prospective buyers A. The current market values of the goods. B. details of the goods to be sold. C. the order in which goods must be sold. D. free admission to the auction sale.4. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because A. the dealers are pleased B. then he ear

14、ns more himself C. the auction-rooms become world-famous. D. it keeps the customers interested.5. A “knock-out” is arranged A. to keep the price in the auction-room law. B. to allow one dealer only to make a profit. C. to increase the auctioneers profit. D. to help the auctioneer.(2) Without knowing

15、 it, Khrushchev set the stage for the Great Eastern European Cola Wars of the 1990s. Pepsi Co Inc. and Coca-Cola Co., rivals wherever they go, are poised to do battle over a new and hugely promising market: 400 million thirsty consumers in six Central European countries and 15 former Soviet republic

16、s. At first glance, Pepsi would seem to have the edge. Thanks to Khrushchevs enthusiasm, Pepsi was able to set up shop in the Soviet Union a decade before Coke. From that base, it steadily expanded into each of the former Soviet satellites, in some cases obtaining promises that Coca-Cola would be sh

17、ut out. That helped Pepsi vastly outsell Coke in the region. “we took a big risk in the East because we knew it was worth it,” boasts Susan Hooper, Pepsis Vienna-based director of East European marketing, “And we won.” Well, maybe not. Late last month Coke vowed to pour no less than $1 billion into

18、a four-year regional investment scheme. This new investment is deadly serious. Much of the sum will be spent on bottling plants, such as the one recently set up in the northern Polish port city of Gdynia. Other funds are earmarked for training local managers. Advertising is a less pressing priority:

19、 years of exposure to Western film and TV have so familiarized East European consumers with both Coke and Pepsi that the brands sell themselves wherever theyre available. If East Germany is any indication, Coca-Cola stands a good chance to close its gap with Pepsi. From 200,000 cases in 1989, Cokes

20、sales in Germanys five new Lander skyrocketed to 74 million cases last year, Foresight accounts for much of this success. In January 1990, two months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Heinz Wiezorek, the head of Coca-Colas West German subsidiary, took a group of high-level Coke executives from the

21、United States on a stroll across the main square in East Berlin. There, at a time when German reunification was still a fantasy, Wiezorek persuaded his American bosses to let him roll out Coca-Cola products in the GDR immediately. The bosses said go ahead, and over the next several weeks Wiezorek mo

22、bilized every available company vehicle to ship soft drinks made in West Germany across the newly opened border. By March, every East German citizen had had a Coca-Cola. A year later, Coca-Cola had set up 13 bottling and distribution facilities in East Germany, hired nearly 3,000 workers and install

23、ed 8,000 vending machines. Coke could not have mounted the spectacular invasion without backup from its huge operation in the western half of the continent. Coca-Colas European Community Group is now more profitable than the companys U.S. operations; it outsells Pepsis counterpart division 8-1, acco

24、rding to Coca-Cola. Coke has a dramatic edge in Western Europe and is probably better equipped to do business in the East. 6. Which of the following is the least urgent for Coke to expand business in East Europe? A. bottling plants B. training of managers C. publicity D. transportation facilities7.

25、East Europeans first got to know Coke and Pepsi from A. tourists B. imported soft drinks on local food markets C. soft drinks sold on the black markets D. films and TV8. What contributed largely to Cokes lead over Pepsi in East Germany? A. High technology. B. Transportation facilities. C. Big funds.

26、 D. Foresight.9. “To have the edge “ in the article means A. to have an advantage. B. to be sharp. C. to be irritating. D. to be shrewd.10.According to the passage, in the battle over the East European market A. Pepsi is likely to win. B. Coke is likely to win. C. Pepsi has already won. D. Coke has

27、already won. (3) Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further, We

28、must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer

29、? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centuries of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an

30、 end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when

31、the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transport

32、improved, first by rail and then by road, people travelled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife, Tax and benefit regulation