复习材料英语2.docx

复习材料英语2.docx

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复习材料英语2

复习材料2：

PartI.ReadingComprehension

Directions:

Thereare6readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

（1）

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasksthecrowdassembledintheauction-roomtomakeoffers,of“bids”,forthevariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoods,forthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetonaraisedplatformcalledarostrum.

Theancient?

Romansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatinauction,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthewaythespoilstakeninwar;thesesaleswerecalledsubhasta,meaning“underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle”:

ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaandsimilarworksofart.Theauction-roomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworld-famous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleda“lot,”isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1andcontinueinnumericalorder;hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashighaspossible.

Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheisselling,andheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwastetimebystartingthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyersandsucceedingettingahighpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainsteachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa“reserve”price,thatis,apricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,finditdifficulttostopa“knock-out”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobidagainsteachother,butnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidder,inthehopeofbuyinggoodsatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha“knock-out”comesoff,therealauctionsaletakesplaceprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.

1.Auctionedgoodaresold

A.forthehighestpriceoffered.

B.onlyatfixedprices.

C.atapricelessthantheirtruevalue.

D.verycheaply.

2.TheRomansusedtosellbyauction

A.spoiltgoods.

B.oldworn-outweapons.

C.propertytakenfromtheenemy.

D.spears.

3.Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers

A.Thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods.

B.detailsofthegoodstobesold.

C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold.

D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale.

4.Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause

A.thedealersarepleased

B.thenheearnsmorehimself

C.theauction-roomsbecomeworld-famous.

D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested.

5.A“knock-out”isarranged

A.tokeepthepriceintheauction-roomlaw.

B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit.

C.toincreasetheauctioneer’sprofit.

D.tohelptheauctioneer.

（2）

Withoutknowingit,KhrushchevsetthestagefortheGreatEasternEuropeanColaWarsofthe1990s.PepsiCoInc.andCoca-ColaCo.,rivalswherevertheygo,arepoisedtodobattleoveranewandhugelypromisingmarket:

400millionthirstyconsumersinsixCentralEuropeancountriesand15formerSovietrepublics.Atfirstglance,Pepsiwouldseemtohavetheedge.ThankstoKhrushchev’senthusiasm,PepsiwasabletosetupshopintheSovietUnionadecadebeforeCoke.Fromthatbase,itsteadilyexpandedintoeachoftheformerSovietsatellites,insomecasesobtainingpromisesthatCoca-Colawouldbeshutout.ThathelpedPepsivastlyoutsellCokeintheregion.“wetookabigriskintheEastbecauseweknewitwasworthit,”boastsSusanHooper,Pepsi’sVienna-baseddirectorofEastEuropeanmarketing,“Andwewon.”

Well,maybenot.LatelastmonthCokevowedtopournolessthan$1billionintoafour-yearregionalinvestmentscheme.Thisnewinvestmentisdeadlyserious.Muchofthesumwillbespentonbottlingplants,suchastheonerecentlysetupinthenorthernPolishportcityofGdynia.Otherfundsareearmarkedfortraininglocalmanagers.Advertisingisalesspressingpriority:

yearsofexposuretoWesternfilmandTVhavesofamiliarizedEastEuropeanconsumerswithbothCokeandPepsithatthebrandssellthemselveswhereverthey’reavailable.

IfEastGermanyisanyindication,Coca-ColastandsagoodchancetocloseitsgapwithPepsi.From200,000casesin1989,Coke’ssalesinGermany’sfivenewLanderskyrocketedto74millioncaseslastyear,Foresightaccountsformuchofthissuccess.InJanuary1990,twomonthsafterthefalloftheBerlinWall,HeinzWiezorek,theheadofCoca-Cola’sWestGermansubsidiary,tookagroupofhigh-levelCokeexecutivesfromtheUnitedStatesonastrollacrossthemainsquareinEastBerlin.There,atatimewhenGermanreunificationwasstillafantasy,WiezorekpersuadedhisAmericanbossestolethimrolloutCoca-ColaproductsintheGDRimmediately.Thebossessaidgoahead,andoverthenextseveralweeksWiezorekmobilizedeveryavailablecompanyvehicletoshipsoftdrinksmadeinWestGermanyacrossthenewlyopenedborder.ByMarch,everyEastGermancitizenhadhadaCoca-Cola.Ayearlater,Coca-Colahadsetup13bottlinganddistributionfacilitiesinEastGermany,hirednearly3,000workersandinstalled8,000vendingmachines.

Cokecouldnothavemountedthespectacularinvasionwithoutbackupfromitshugeoperationinthewesternhalfofthecontinent.Coca-Cola’sEuropeanCommunityGroupisnowmoreprofitablethanthecompany’sU.S.operations;itoutsellsPepsi’scounterpartdivision8-1,accordingtoCoca-Cola.CokehasadramaticedgeinWesternEuropeandisprobablybetterequippedtodobusinessintheEast.

6.WhichofthefollowingistheleasturgentforCoketoexpandbusinessinEastEurope?

A.bottlingplants

B.trainingofmanagers

C.publicity

D.transportationfacilities

7.EastEuropeansfirstgottoknowCokeandPepsifrom

A.tourists

B.importedsoftdrinksonlocalfoodmarkets

C.softdrinkssoldontheblackmarkets

D.filmsandTV

8.WhatcontributedlargelytoCoke’sleadoverPepsiinEastGermany?

A.Hightechnology.

B.Transportationfacilities.

C.Bigfunds.

D.Foresight.

9.“Tohavetheedge“inthearticlemeans

A.tohaveanadvantage.

B.tobesharp.

C.tobeirritating.

D.tobeshrewd.

10.Accordingtothepassage,inthebattleovertheEastEuropeanmarket

A.Pepsiislikelytowin.

B.Cokeislikelytowin.

C.Pepsihasalreadywon.

D.Cokehasalreadywon.

（3）

Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensusthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.

Butweneedtogofurther,Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Shouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?

Shouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletowork?

Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?

Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighbourhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascenturiesofproductionandwork?

Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.

Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Later,astransportimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peopletravelledlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived.

Meanwhile,employmentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimes,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife,Taxandbenefitregulation