8增词法的翻译教师版.docx

1、8增词法的翻译教师版英汉翻译常用技巧-增词法 Oct. 24th28th 增词法是指在原文的基础上添加必要的单词,词组,分句或完整句,从而使译文在语法,形式上都符合汉语的习惯并使译文在文化背景,词语联想方面与原文保持一致,以达到疑问与原文在内容,形式和精神方面对等起来的目的。 Practices first: 1.In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the daily summary over some coffee. 晚上在参加宴

2、会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演后,他还会边喝咖啡边写每日小结。 2.With what enthusiasm members of Communist Party of China are conducting political studies. 中国共产党员正以多么高的热情进行政治学习啊! 3.In the films of those days, all too often it was the same scenario: the hero meets the heroine, they fall in love and live happily ever after. 那时的电影总是

3、一样的剧情:男主人公与女主人公相遇,继而相爱,从此过上幸福的生活。 4.Dont take it seriously. I am just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛!我不过是开开玩笑而已。 5.Once, they had a quarrel over the question of whom to turn off the TV. 他们曾经为了谁去关 电视的问题吵了一架。 I.Semantic amplification 由于中英文语言差异,翻译时常常要根据意义的需要,在相关词汇后加上适当的词,使直通顺自然,符合中文表达习惯。 增加名词:在汉语中,及物和不及物动词的区

4、别不是很明显,有时所谓及物动词后面的宾语如果上下文中能够看的出,往往可以省略不说;而英语则不然。特别是一些不及物动词必须带上它后面的宾语句子意思才能显得完整。因此,在翻译时往往就需要增补。 a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating, playing, meetings, classes, etc. 作一个时间表,然后,将吃饭、睡觉、开会、上课等等的时间填上。 b. I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. 我

5、是为友谊和求学而来。 有时形容词前面也可以加上名词: c. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensive and, moreover looks very ugly. 他妻子认为,这件家具价格昂贵而且外表难看。 有时,一些名词或者数量词的复数形式翻译成汉语后前面也要加词表示重叠: d. Thousands of students from the citys colleges and universities jammed the railway station awaiting the arrival of their footba

6、ll team. 成千上万的高校学生一起涌到火车站欢迎他们的足球队凯旋。 e. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctors who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery. 只有这些老医生来照看一群群的伤员,他们在如此的痛苦、悲伤面前,显得无可奈何。 1.This is a Ford. 这是一辆福特牌汽车。 2.This new brand of PC is cheap and fine. 这个新牌子的电脑物美价廉。 3.We

7、 can learn what we did not know before. 我们能学会以前不懂的东西。 1 增加动词 由于英语是一门“静止”的语言,在所有的词汇当中,用名词的居多;而相比较而言,汉语则无此限制,不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。因此,许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词,否则,意思则很不完整,例如: a. His speech in at the meeting turned out exerts a stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day. 他那天在会上所做的报告使所有在场的人深受鼓舞。

8、 b. He maintains that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improved performance. 他坚持认为,只有通过勤奋工作加上不懈的努力才会取得好的成绩。 c. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put governments at all levels on the alert. 伪劣建筑夺取了很多人的生命,这一点足以使我们的各级部门提高警惕。 d. Efforts must be m

9、ade to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and overseas tourists.为了一百万的国内外旅客的利益,我们一定为改善服务质量而进行努力。 英语中的某些不及物动词实际隐含有宾语的意思,翻译时应补充其宾语: 4.Mary washed for a living after her husband died. 自从她丈夫去世后,玛丽靠给人洗衣服维 持生计。 5.Day after day, she did the same thing-sweeping, washing and cleaning. 日复一日,她做着

10、同样的事情:拖地,洗衣服,整理房间。 增加表示程度等的副词: a.They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away. 他猛地抬头往天空看,直到火箭发射的声音渐渐远去。 b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him. 他偷偷地瞥了她一眼。 6.She poured out her story of misfortune. 她滔滔不绝地倾诉了她的不幸遭遇。 7.Time drops in decay, like a cand

11、le burnt out. 时间一点一滴的逝去,犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。 根据隐含的意义补充形容词等: 8.Facts are to scientist as words are to the poets. 事实对于科学家正如文字于诗人一样重要。 增加表示总结或概括的词语: 9.Henry Kissinger had slept in the hotel before in July and then in October. 基辛格分别于7月 和十月两度下榻于该酒店。 10.The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable an

12、d without echo. 这个大厅有四 大优点:明亮,宽敞,样式新颖,没有回音。 11.They talked about wage, price and inflation. 他们谈及工资,物价和通货膨胀等问题。 英语词态及曲折变化词体现在动词上,汉译时应增加一些表示时间,状态等助词:如“曾经”“已经”“过/了”表示过去,“正在”“着”“现在”等表示现在进行,“将”“会”“要”等表示将来,以及其他一些词“过去”“现在”“将来”等。 12.I was, and remain grateful for his influence on my life. 他在我生命中有着重要的影响,对 此,

13、我过去很感激,现在依然很感激。 13.China has been implementing the birth control policy over the past decades. 过去几十年来, 中国一直在推行计划生育政策。 英语中介词,副词,形容词甚至连词等都可以表达动作含义,亦可通过助动词等省略作谓语的动词,翻译时应补充合适的动词: 14.They quarreled for about 10 hours, through dinner, and deep into the night. 他们吵了大约10 小时,中间吃了顿晚饭又接着吵到深夜。 15.He dismissed th

14、e meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕辞就宣布会议结束。 16.We dont retreat; we never have and never will. 我们决不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将 来也决不后退。 英语中数词与可数名词往往直接连用,但翻译时应加上适当的量词: 17.Flowers bloom all over the garden. 朵朵鲜花在花园里处处开放。 18.The first electronic computers came into use in 1950s. 第一代电子计算机在二十世纪五十 年代正式投入使用。 19.A

15、 red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。 20.Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a coin, a piece of paper, and a pin. 用一把木尺,一块玻璃,一枚硬币,一张纸和一个大头针,重做这个实验。 某些由动词或形容词派生出来的抽象名词,翻译时可根据上下文增加名词,使译文更符合汉语规范:如preparation(准备工作),madness(疯狂行为),tension (紧张局势)等: 21.We have mad

16、e some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 我们取得了一 些成绩,但还要防止自满情绪。 22.Persuasion should be carried out among residents here. 应该对这里的居民开展说服工作。 II.Structural amplification 正如前面所说的那样,中英文在句式方面也有很大差异,英语经常可以省略一些词而用其他的语法成分把那层意义暗含出来,翻译时可根据汉语的表达习惯,补充一些购架结构式的词语,甚至短句(如以达到汉语排比句式的需要等): 1.Reading ma

17、keth a full man, conference a ready man, writing an exact man. 读书使人充实, 辩论使人机智,写作使人准确。 2.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞使人善辩。 3.Without Bill Gates, there sur

18、ely will not be Microsoft. 如果没有比尔盖次,就不会有微软帝 国。 4.Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。 5.Association with the good can only produce good; with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤,近墨者 黑。 增加承上启下的词语: 6.Yes, I like Hunan cuisines. Lots of Chinese people do these days, sort of the

19、 fashion. 不错,我 喜欢湘菜,现在很多中国人都喜欢湘菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。 7.They have made many mistakes, bad ones. 他们已经犯下了许多错误,而且还是很糟的错 误。 III.Rhetorical amplification 主要指英汉翻译时为保证SL和TL之间美感,句势,韵律等的对应,应增加相关字词以满足汉语使用2/4/6/8等双词,特别是四字词组的习惯: 1.Fine words dress ill deeds. 花言巧语,卑鄙行经。 2.Truth is never pure, and rarely simple. 真理从来都不是

20、纯洁无暇的,很少简单明了。 3.Her room is always kept clean and tidy, though she is busy all day long. 虽然她整天忙忙碌 碌,她的房间却总是干干净净,整整齐齐。 4.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume the wealth without creating it. 如果我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福,正如如果我们不创造财富就无权享受财富一样。 5.According to scientists, it

21、 took nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil(表层土). 根据科 学家的研究,自然界要生成一英寸的表层土壤需要500年的时间。 6.The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related. 频率,波长和声速三者 是密切相关的。 7.Learning without thought is vain; thought without learning is idle. 学而不思则惘,思而不学 则殆。 8.The best conductor has the lea

22、st resistance and the poorest the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最 小而最差的导体电阻最大。 Practices: 1. 林语堂的Moment in Peking当中描写慈禧太后的句子: The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back Chinas progress. Without her the progressive Emperor

23、 Kuangshu would certainly have gone on with his reforms. To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid. 张振玉先生的译文: 那个愚蠢无知的老太婆统治了19世纪的后5

24、0年,使中国不能进步,她可算功劳第一。若没有她,锐意求进的光绪皇帝,一定会进行他的维新大计。光绪皇帝,像个剪去翅膀的苍鹰,一直对他这位大权在握的老伯母必恭必敬,百依百顺。愚而妄,其为祸则加倍地强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手,则愚蠢倍增。 译文2: 那个无知的老太婆在19世纪后半叶统治中国整整50年之久。阻止中国进步的第一大功臣,当真非她莫属。若不是她,锐意进取的光绪皇帝,一定能推行他的维新大计。然而自始至终,光绪都慑服于他这位伯母的淫威之下,如一只剪去翅膀的苍鹰。无知而刚愎,其为祸则倍增。愚蠢与顽固携手,便是愚不可耐。 2. Of Study Studies serve for delight, fo

25、r ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plot

26、s and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural ab

27、ilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdo

28、m without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are

29、 to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else dist

30、illed books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. 读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在

31、书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。 Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a gr

32、eat memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exe