会话原则下的文化因素的论文其他相关论文Word文件下载.docx

1、 respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.language, as a special form of communication, may be viewed as a system, as a vehicle for cultural transmission. it does not exist apart from culture. thus, language and cultural are interactive and understanding of one requires understandi

2、ng of the other. to better achieve the communicative goal, it is necessary to choose the appreciate way of expression under certain circumstances and cultural factors plays an important role in using language effectively.key words: cultural difference; conversational principles ; cooperative princip

3、le ; politeness principlefew areas of peoples experience are closer to them or more continuously with them than their languagethey have to communicate by speaking, listening, reading and writing in everyday life. in the course of communication, it is no doubt that speech enjoys priority not only bec

4、ause it precedes writing in terms of evolution, but a large amount of communication is carried out in conversation as well. an ideal conversation is usually assumed to be carried out by “turn-taking” and thus the meanings of the utterance are expressed accordingly. however, the real intentions of th

5、e speakers cannot always be drawn by simply interpreting the surface meanings of the words in the utterance, for people often tend to mean more in a roundabout way than what they actually say. lets first look at an example which took place on the campus at noon:devin: what time is it?jakie: the stud

6、ents are going to the dining hall.here, jakies answer doesnt seem to make sense on the face of it, but it is still an adequate answer for devin, because the particular contexts of this conversation include the fact that the students usually have lunch at about 11:30 in the university and devin is aw

7、are of this. it is possible for devin to work out the time by interpreting or guessing what jakie says and the more she knows about the context, the more qualified her guesswork is going to be.normally in conversational interaction, people work on the assumption that a certain set of rules is in ope

8、ration, unless they receive indications to the contrary. for example, if jakie gives the same answer to a stranger, itll likely lead to communication breakdown because nobody expects a successful conversation in which people try to confuse, trick, or withhold relevant information from each other. in

9、 other words, a successful conversation should be the fruit of all the participants efforts and collaboration is a necessary factor for them to achieve a certain goal. therefore, people are expected to be cooperate during a conversation, and such cooperative mechanisms have very little to do with lo

10、gic and semantics, but are grounded in some pragmatic principles, especially the cooperative principle.in 1967, american philosopher h.p. grice put forward the cooperative principle in logic and conversation: “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs

11、, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” （yule, 37）. supporting this principle is the four maxims: quantity maxim: make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more, or less, than is required. quality maxim: do not say that which you beli

12、eve to be false or for which you lack evidence. relation maxim: be relevant. manner maxim: be clear, brief and orderly.the importance of this principle lies in two aspects: firstly, it is the first time to systematically induce peoples conversational activities into law. secondly, when violation of

13、the cooperative principle takes place, in one case, understanding of the discourse is hindered and the speaker should make remedies immediately to smooth the conversation; in another case, if the speaker does so intentionally, there will be more to it than what is said. conversational implicatures,

14、in this way, will be given rise to.1violation of the quantity maxim1.1 知之为知之，不知为不知。WWW.Com（论语）in this sentence, repetition of the same word appears twice, which accords with the formula “p=p”. from a purely logical perspective, the sentence has no communicative value since it expresses something com

15、pletely obvious, but it can be understood easily that this sentence primarily advises people to be honest in engaging in scholarship. similar apparently pointless expressions are “business is business” and “girls are girls”. this kind of phenomenon is called tautology. when tautology is applied in a

16、 conversation, it is clear that the speaker intends to express more than is said. usually, this kind of usage has strong sense of emotion.1.2 polonius: what do you read, my lord?hamlet: words, words, words. （shakespeare, hamlet）1.3 “我们是睡在鼓里，等人家来杀！等人家来杀！”（矛盾：子夜）from polonius perspective, hamlets answ

17、er provides less information than expected. for “words” being the object of “read” seems to be too general and polonius still did not know what hamlet read. in fact, repetition of the word “words” shows hamlets strong impatience that he was unwilling to talk to polonius. in another point of view, fr

18、om the fact that poloniuss attitude is warm and cooperative while hamlets attitude is impatient and indifferent, there must be some implications. similarly in example 3, repetition of a sentence shows the speakers strong indignation.2 violation of the quality maxim2.1 南唐时，赋税繁重，京城地区又遭旱灾，人民叫苦连天。一天，烈祖在

19、北苑饮宴，对群臣说：“外地都下雨了，只是都城却不下雨，怎么回事呢？”申渐应到：“雨不感入城，是怕抽税而已。”烈祖大笑，马上下令除掉重税。（古今谭概微词）violation of the quality maxim has two cases, one case is a kind of “moral offence”, which means that the speaker is unwilling to observe the quality maxim and is lying. the other case is a kind of “false lie”, which means t

20、hat the speaker is unwilling to cooperative and is trying to express implicit meaning. in this example, shen jian cleverly used personification that even the rain is scared of the tax because the man he talked to was the king of the dynasty. just think of the impossibility of abolishing the heavy ta

21、xation if shen jian used blunt words to remonstrate!2.2 tommy: mother! the lorry going by is as big as a mountain!mother: why, dear, ive told you over ten thousand times not to exaggerate things so terribly and your bad habit remains unchanged.it is believed that there is no such a lorry as big as a

22、 mountain on earth and it is also believed that the mother could not have told her soon over ten thousand times. hyperbole, just like irony, metaphor and meiosis are all the results that violate the quality maxim. of course, if the mother herself had not exaggerated, the story would not be so funny.

23、3 violation of the relation maxim3.1 周冲：爸， 我听说矿上对于这次受伤的工人不给一点抚恤金。周朴园：（头一扬）我认为你这次话说得太多了。（雷雨）zhou puyuan did not provide any information about what zhou chong was interested in. on the contrary, he used a performative utterance: to let zhou chong shut up. violation of the relation maxim, in fact, is u

24、sed to prevent zhou chong talking about matters concerning the accident in the mines and injuries of the workers.3.2 another example comes from a true story of the writer. one day she asked one of her students to read the text in class. owing to lack of concentration, the student misread another tex

25、t, so the writer said, “你的书是那个版本的?” instead of direct criticizing. all the class had a good laugh, including the boy himself, but everyone understood her intention of irony.4 violation of the manner maxim4.1 “一个人死了之后，究竟有没有魂灵？”“也许有罢，我想。”我于是吞吞吐吐地说。“那么，也就有地狱了？“啊！地狱？”我很吃惊，只得支吾着，“地狱？论理，就该也有。然而也未必谁来管这等事”（

26、祝福）to violate the manner maxim means that the speaker speaks obscurely and ambiguously instead of speaking briefly and orderly. lu xun is a great master of language, so he used mild and indirect words in place of more accurate or direct words in order not to bring mental agony to her. also, pun, whi

27、ch is “a form of speech play in which a word or phrase unexpectedly and simultaneously combines two unrelated meanings” （huang, 139）, is often used to produce conversational implicature.4.2 mrs. jones: were going to be neighbors now. weve brought a home next to you, right on the edge of the lake.mrs

28、. brown: so glad! hope youll drop in sometimes.4.3 i finally figured out how government works. the senate gets the bill from the house, the president gets the bill from the senate, and we get the bill for everything.the key word in example 2 is “drop”, which bears the meaning “fall” and leaves space

29、 to the readers to imagine if mrs. jones fell into the lake. if mrs. brown changed the ambiguous “drop” into “visit”, no humor will be produced. in example 3, the first and the second “bill”s refer to the draft of a proposed law, while the third one refers to a written statement of money owned. the

30、author satirically exposes the corruption of the officials, while the common people have to bear the burden.since people should follow the cooperative principle in conversation, then why do they violate it? why do not they state their views frankly, but let their listeners recognize the communicated meanings via inference? g. leech has proposed the politeness principle to rescue the cooperative principle. in his point of view, the