会话原则下的文化因素的论文其他相关论文Word文件下载.docx

会话原则下的文化因素的论文其他相关论文Word文件下载.docx

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respectfulness,modesty,attitudinalwarmthandrefinement.

language,asaspecialformofcommunication,maybeviewedasasystem,asavehicleforculturaltransmission.itdoesnotexistapartfromculture.thus,languageandculturalareinteractiveandunderstandingofonerequiresunderstandingoftheother.tobetterachievethecommunicativegoal,itisnecessarytochoosetheappreciatewayofexpressionundercertaincircumstancesandculturalfactorsplaysanimportantroleinusinglanguageeffectively.

keywords:

culturaldifference;

conversationalprinciples;

cooperativeprinciple;

politenessprinciple

fewareasofpeople’sexperienceareclosertothemormorecontinuouslywiththemthantheirlanguage—theyhavetocommunicatebyspeaking,listening,readingandwritingineverydaylife.inthecourseofcommunication,itisnodoubtthatspeechenjoysprioritynotonlybecauseitprecedeswritingintermsofevolution,butalargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinconversationaswell.anidealconversationisusuallyassumedtobecarriedoutby“turn-taking”andthusthemeaningsoftheutteranceareexpressedaccordingly.however,therealintentionsofthespeakerscannotalwaysbedrawnbysimplyinterpretingthesurfacemeaningsofthewordsintheutterance,forpeopleoftentendtomeanmoreinaroundaboutwaythanwhattheyactuallysay.let’sfirstlookatanexamplewhichtookplaceonthecampusatnoon:

devin:

whattimeisit?

jakie:

thestudentsaregoingtothedininghall.

here,jakie’sanswerdoesn’tseemtomakesenseonthefaceofit,butitisstillanadequateanswerfordevin,becausetheparticularcontextsofthisconversationincludethefactthatthestudentsusuallyhavelunchatabout11:

30intheuniversityanddevinisawareofthis.itispossiblefordevintoworkoutthetimebyinterpretingorguessingwhatjakiesaysandthemoresheknowsaboutthecontext,themorequalifiedherguessworkisgoingtobe.

normallyinconversationalinteraction,peopleworkontheassumptionthatacertainsetofrulesisinoperation,unlesstheyreceiveindicationstothecontrary.forexample,ifjakiegivesthesameanswertoastranger,it’lllikelyleadtocommunicationbreakdownbecausenobodyexpectsasuccessfulconversationinwhichpeopletrytoconfuse,trick,orwithholdrelevantinformationfromeachother.inotherwords,asuccessfulconversationshouldbethefruitofalltheparticipants’effortsandcollaborationisanecessaryfactorforthemtoachieveacertaingoal.therefore,peopleareexpectedtobecooperateduringaconversation,andsuchcooperativemechanismshaveverylittletodowithlogicandsemantics,butaregroundedinsomepragmaticprinciples,especiallythecooperativeprinciple.

in1967,americanphilosopherh.p.griceputforwardthecooperativeprincipleinlogicandconversation:

“makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”（yule,37）.supportingthisprincipleisthefourmaxims:

quantitymaxim:

makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired,butnotmore,orless,thanisrequired.qualitymaxim:

donotsaythatwhichyoubelievetobefalseorforwhichyoulackevidence.relationmaxim:

berelevant.mannermaxim:

beclear,briefandorderly.

theimportanceofthisprincipleliesintwoaspects:

firstly,itisthefirsttimetosystematicallyinducepeople’sconversationalactivitiesintolaw.secondly,whenviolationofthecooperativeprincipletakesplace,inonecase,understandingofthediscourseishinderedandthespeakershouldmakeremediesimmediatelytosmooththeconversation;

inanothercase,ifthespeakerdoessointentionally,therewillbemoretoitthanwhatissaid.conversationalimplicatures,inthisway,willbegivenriseto.

1．violationofthequantitymaxim

1.1知之为知之，不知为不知。

WWW..Com（《论语》）

inthissentence,repetitionofthesamewordappearstwice,whichaccordswiththeformula“p=p”.fromapurelylogicalperspective,thesentencehasnocommunicativevaluesinceitexpressessomethingcompletelyobvious,butitcanbeunderstoodeasilythatthissentenceprimarilyadvisespeopletobehonestinengaginginscholarship.similarapparentlypointlessexpressionsare“businessisbusiness”and“girlsaregirls”.thiskindofphenomenoniscalledtautology.whentautologyisappliedinaconversation,itisclearthatthespeakerintendstoexpressmorethanissaid.usually,thiskindofusagehasstrongsenseofemotion.

1.2polonius:

whatdoyouread,mylord?

hamlet:

words,words,words.（shakespeare,hamlet）

1.3“我们是睡在鼓里，等人家来杀！

等人家来杀！

”（矛盾：

《子夜》）

frompolonius’perspective,hamlet’sanswerprovideslessinformationthanexpected.for“words”beingtheobjectof“read”seemstobetoogeneralandpoloniusstilldidnotknowwhathamletread.infact,repetitionoftheword“words”showshamlet’sstrongimpatiencethathewasunwillingtotalktopolonius.inanotherpointofview,fromthefactthatpolonius’sattitudeiswarmandcooperativewhilehamlet’sattitudeisimpatientandindifferent,theremustbesomeimplications.similarlyinexample3,repetitionofasentenceshowsthespeaker’sstrongindignation.

2．violationofthequalitymaxim

2.1南唐时，赋税繁重，京城地区又遭旱灾，人民叫苦连天。

一天，烈祖在北苑饮宴，对群臣说：

“外地都下雨了，只是都城却不下雨，怎么回事呢？

”申渐应到：

“雨不感入城，是怕抽税而已。

”烈祖大笑，马上下令除掉重税。

（《古今谭概—微词》）

violationofthequalitymaximhastwocases,onecaseisakindof“moraloffence”,whichmeansthatthespeakerisunwillingtoobservethequalitymaximandislying.theothercaseisakindof“falselie”,whichmeansthatthespeakerisunwillingtocooperativeandistryingtoexpressimplicitmeaning.inthisexample,shenjiancleverlyusedpersonificationthateventherainisscaredofthetaxbecausethemanhetalkedtowasthekingofthedynasty.justthinkoftheimpossibilityofabolishingtheheavytaxationifshenjianusedbluntwordstoremonstrate!

2.2tommy:

mother!

thelorrygoingbyisasbigasamountain!

mother:

why,dear,i’vetoldyouovertenthousandtimesnottoexaggeratethingssoterriblyandyourbadhabitremainsunchanged.

itisbelievedthatthereisnosuchalorryasbigasamountainonearthanditisalsobelievedthatthemothercouldnothavetoldhersoonovertenthousandtimes.hyperbole,justlikeirony,metaphorandmeiosisarealltheresultsthatviolatethequalitymaxim.ofcourse,ifthemotherherselfhadnotexaggerated,thestorywouldnotbesofunny.

3．violationoftherelationmaxim

3.1周冲：

爸，我听说矿上对于这次受伤的工人不给一点抚恤金。

周朴园：

（头一扬）我认为你这次话说得太多了。

（《雷雨》） 

zhoupuyuandidnotprovideanyinformationaboutwhatzhouchongwasinterestedin.onthecontrary,heusedaperformativeutterance:

toletzhouchongshutup.violationoftherelationmaxim,infact,isusedtopreventzhouchongtalkingaboutmattersconcerningtheaccidentintheminesandinjuriesoftheworkers.

3.2anotherexamplecomesfromatruestoryofthewriter.onedaysheaskedoneofherstudentstoreadthetextinclass.owingtolackofconcentration,thestudentmisreadanothertext,sothewritersaid,“你的书是那个版本的?

”insteadofdirectcriticizing.alltheclasshadagoodlaugh,includingtheboyhimself,buteveryoneunderstoodherintentionofirony.

4．violationofthemannermaxim

4.1“一个人死了之后，究竟有没有魂灵？

”

“也许有罢，我想。

”我于是吞吞吐吐地说。

“那么，也就有地狱了？

“啊！

地狱？

”我很吃惊，只得支吾着，“地狱？

论理，就该也有。

然而也未必……谁来管这等事……”（《祝福》）

toviolatethemannermaximmeansthatthespeakerspeaksobscurelyandambiguouslyinsteadofspeakingbrieflyandorderly.luxunisagreatmasteroflanguage,soheusedmildandindirectwordsinplaceofmoreaccurateordirectwordsinordernottobringmentalagonytoher.also,pun,whichis“aformofspeechplayinwhichawordorphraseunexpectedlyandsimultaneouslycombinestwounrelatedmeanings”（huang,139）,isoftenusedtoproduceconversationalimplicature.

4.2mrs.jones:

we’regoingtobeneighborsnow.we’vebroughtahomenexttoyou,rightontheedgeofthelake.

mrs.brown:

soglad!

hopeyou’lldropinsometimes.

4.3ifinallyfiguredouthowgovernmentworks.thesenategetsthebillfromthehouse,thepresidentgetsthebillfromthesenate,andwegetthebillforeverything.

thekeywordinexample2is“drop”,whichbearsthemeaning“fall”andleavesspacetothereaderstoimagineifmrs.jonesfellintothelake.ifmrs.brownchangedtheambiguous“drop”into“visit”,nohumorwillbeproduced.inexample3,thefirstandthesecond“bill”srefertothedraftofaproposedlaw,whilethethirdonereferstoawrittenstatementofmoneyowned.theauthorsatiricallyexposesthecorruptionoftheofficials,whilethecommonpeoplehavetobeartheburden.

sincepeopleshouldfollowthecooperativeprincipleinconversation,thenwhydotheyviolateit?

whydonottheystatetheirviewsfrankly,butlettheirlistenersrecognizethecommunicatedmeaningsviainference?

g.leechhasproposedthepolitenessprincipletorescuethecooperativeprinciple.inhispointofview,the