新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总Word文件下载.docx

1、Some important distinctions in linguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAims to lay down rules forDescribe and analyze the“correct & standard ”; tell people what they should say orlanguage actually use（modernlinguists believe thatnot whatever occurs in thelanguage people use should bedescribed and analyzed

2、）synchronic diachronicThe description of a language at some point of timeThe description of a language as it changes through timeModern linguistics are most synchronic:Difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development;Synchronic description are often thought of as

3、 being descriptions of a language in its current existence.speech writingSpeech is prior to writing:writing system is always “invented ”by the users to record the speech when the need arises;speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information;speech is always the way native speak

4、er acquire their mothertongue while writing is learn and taught in school;spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,whichis authentic while written language is only the revised record of speech.Langue 语言 Parole 语言The realization of language inactual use; Concrete;Abstract linguistic syste

5、m;Vary from person to person &Relatively stablesituation to situationProposed by Swiss linguistSaussure in the early 20thcentury:paroleis a mass oflinguisticfacts,to abstractlanguefrom petenceperformanceThe actualrealizationof thisThe ideal user s knowledge ofknowledge in linguisticthe rules of his

6、languagecommunication.proposed by American linguist,Similarto Saussure,whatlinguists shouldstudy is the idealspeaker s competence,notthe performance.Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social convention;whileChomsky looks at psychological po

7、int and to him competence isa property of the mind of each individual.Traditional grammar Modern linguisticsPrescriptive; Descriptive;written language is primary; Spoken language is primary;Force language into a Trying to set up a universalLatin-based framework; frameworkModern linguistics begin fro

8、m the publication of Sassure sbook course in general linguisticsWhat is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humanCharacteristics:language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;language is arbitrary in the sense that the

9、re is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for,A rose by any other name would smell as well;language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;language is human -specific,different from animal communication.Design features of languageProposed by

10、American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language:arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds（except onomatopoetic and compound words）productivityIt makes to possibleto constructionand interpretationof news

11、ignal by its users.dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher l

12、evel of system（carp &park）.Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis

13、,thedetails of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.（language is cultural transmittedlanguage not mutually intelligible while animal call system is genetically transmitted）Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct

14、from each other but actually overlapping to some degree:descriptive functionThe primary function of language;The function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denial, and in some case even The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.expressive functionSu

15、pply information about the user sfeeling,preference,prejudices and value, will never come to this coffee shop again.social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. How can I help you, SirOthers:Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson：six elemens（function）of a

16、 speech:Addresser -emotive （ 动机 ） addressee -conative（ 意动 ）context -referential message-poetic contact -phatic communioncode- metalinguisticBritish linguistic Halliday:ideational function （ 语篇功能 ）included descriptive &expressive functin is to organize the speaker s experienceof the real or imaginary

17、 world.interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintainsocial relationship between people.social functiontextual function is to organize written or spoken texts tocohere within themselves and fit to the particular situation in which they are used.The phonic medium of languageSpeech sound

18、s produced by human speech organTwo major media of communication:speech and writing;what is phoneticsThe study of phonic medium of language;it is concerned with allthe sounds that occurs in the world s language.Articulatory phonetics（ 发音语言学 ） LongestThree branches Auditory phonetics（ 听觉语言学 ）Acoustic

19、 phonetics（ 声学语言学 ）organs of speechPharyngeal cavity（ 咽喉 ）Nasal cavity （鼻腔）Oral cavity （口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cordsVocalglottaiorthgraphic representation of speechlun sounds :broad & narrowInternational phonetic alphabet:letter soundsBroad（used in textbook）:letter symbols pNarrow: letter

20、 symbols + diacritics（ 变音符 ）p hit spithaspiration phonetician more interested inclassification of English speech soundsclassification of English consonantTotalBilabialLabio-DentalAlveloarPalatalVelarGlottal（双唇音） dental（齿（齿龈（腭音）（软（喉音）（唇齿音）腭）Stops（闭塞音）PartialFricative（摩擦音）Complete at firstRelease slow

21、ly withAffricates（塞擦音）NasalsVLVDpbmfvodtsztfdgngkh（鼻音）LiquidsL,r（流音）Glideswj（滑音）classification of English vowelsMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI: IU: uSemi-closeee:Semi-openC:openae aD a:phonologyphonology & phoneticsPh o n o l o g y v s p h o n e t i c sSpeech soundsForm patters&Producedconvey m

22、eaningfeaturesphone phoneme allophonePhonetic unitPhonologicalDifferent phonesrepresenting a phoneme inphonemic contrast complementary distribution minimal pairp Dark l & clear Pill billsome rules in phonologySequential rules assimilation ruledeletion ruleGovern the combination of sounds,. Word begi

23、n with a l or r,nextAssimilate one sound to another bycopying a feature of sequentialphoneme,making two phones similarsuprasegmental features（phonemic features that occur above the level ofsegments）Stress : N & vTone： 四声Intonation ： different may convey different meaning even the sentences unchanged

24、Grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structureWord: the smallest free form found in languageMorpheme: the smallest unit of meaningRoot stem baseRoot: believeStem: believable （ 除去全部的语法成份 , 留下词根和派生成份 ）Base：unbelievable （un 的词基 ）Derivational morpheme:change category grammatical class of wordsPrefix:change meaningSuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:Clipping （ sho