新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总Word文件下载.docx

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Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

prescriptive

descriptive

Aimstolaydownrulesfor

Describeandanalyzethe

“correct&

standard”;

tellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayor

languageactuallyuse（modern

linguistsbelievethat

notwhateveroccursinthe

languagepeopleuseshouldbe

describedandanalyzed）

synchronicdiachronic

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime

Modernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:

①Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;

②Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.

speechwriting

Speechispriortowriting:

①writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;

②speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;

③speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmother

tonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;

④spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,which

isauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.

Langue语言Parole语言

Therealizationoflanguagein

actualuse;

Concrete;

Abstractlinguisticsystem;

Varyfrompersontoperson&

Relativelystable

situationtosituation

ProposedbySwisslinguist

Saussureintheearly20

th

century:

parole

isamassof

linguistic

facts,toabstract

langue

fromparole.

competence

performance

Theactual

realization

ofthis

Theidealuser’sknowledgeof

knowledgeinlinguistic

therulesofhislanguage

communication.

proposedbyAmericanlinguist

Similar

toSaussure,what

linguistsshould

studyistheideal

speaker’scompetence,not

theperformance.

Difference:

Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhi

snotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;

while

Chomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceis

apropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

TraditionalgrammarModernlinguistics

Prescriptive;

Descriptive;

writtenlanguageisprimary;

Spokenlanguageisprimary;

ForcelanguageintoaTryingtosetupauniversal

Latin-basedframework;

framework

ModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofSassure’s

bookcourseingenerallinguistics

Whatislanguage

Definitionsoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

Characteristics:

①languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;

②languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,

Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;

③languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;

④languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.

Designfeaturesoflanguage

ProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:

comparingtheanimal&

humancommunicationarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:

①arbitrariness

Nologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds（exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords）

②productivity

Itmakestopossible

toconstruction

andinterpretation

ofnew

signalbyitsusers.

③duality

Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem（carp&

park）.Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;

④Displacement

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;

⑤culturaltransmission

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,the

detailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.（languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted）

Functionsoflanguage

Threemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:

①descriptivefunction

Theprimaryfunctionoflanguage;

Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenTheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.

②expressivefunction

Supplyinformationabouttheuser’s

feeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.

③socialfunction

Servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir

Others:

Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：

sixelemens

（function）ofaspeech:

Addresser-emotive（动机）addressee-conative（意动）

context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunion

code-metalinguistic

BritishlinguisticHalliday:

①ideationalfunction（语篇功能）[includeddescriptive&

expressivefunctin]istoorganizethespeaker’sexperience

oftherealorimaginaryworld.

②interpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintain

socialrelationshipbetweenpeople.[socialfunction]

③textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextsto

coherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.

Thephonicmediumoflanguage

Speechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorgan

Twomajormediaofcommunication:

speechandwriting;

whatisphonetics

Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;

itisconcernedwithall

thesoundsthatoccursintheworld’slanguage.

Articulatoryphonetics（发音语言学）Longest

ThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics（听觉语言学）

Acousticphonetics（声学语言学）

organsofspeech

Pharyngealcavity（咽喉）

Nasalcavity（鼻腔）

Oralcavity（口腔）

Voicing:

vibrationofthevocalcords

Vocal

glott

ai

orthgraphicrepresentationofspeechlunsounds:

broad&

narrow

Internationalphoneticalphabet:

letter→sounds

Broad（usedintextbook）:

lettersymbols[p]

Narrow:

lettersymbols+diacritics（变音符）[phit][spit]

h→aspiration[phoneticianmoreinterestedin]

classificationofEnglishspeechsounds

classificationofEnglishconsonant

Total

Bilabial

Labio-

Dental

Alveloar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

（双唇音）dental

（齿

（齿龈

（腭音）

（软

（喉音）

（唇齿

音）

腭）

Stops

（闭塞音）

Partial

Fricative

（摩擦音）

Completeatfirst

Releaseslowlywith

Affricates

（塞擦音）

Nasals

VL

VD

p

b

m

f

v

o

d

t

s

z

tf

dg

n

g

k

h

（鼻音）

Liquids

L,r

（流音）

Glides

w

j

（滑音）

classificationofEnglishvowels

Monophthongs：

front

central

back

close

I:

I

U:

u

Semi-close

e

e:

Semi-open

C:

open

aea

^

Da:

phonology

phonology&

phonetics

Phonologyvsphonetics

Speechsounds

Formpatters

&

Produced

conveymeaning

features

phonephonemeallophone

Phoneticunit

Phonological

Differentphones

representingaphonemein

phonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpair

[p][Darkl&

clearPillbill

somerulesinphonology

Sequentialrulesassimilationrule

deletionrule

Governthecombinationofsounds,

.Wordbeginwitha[l]or[r],next

Assimilateonesoundtoanotherby

copyingafeatureofsequential

phoneme,makingtwophonessimilar

suprasegmentalfeatures（phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelof

segments）

Stress:

N&

v

Tone：

四声

Intonation：

differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged

Grammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure

Word:

thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage

Morpheme:

thesmallestunitofmeaning

Rootstembase

Root:

believe

Stem:

believable（除去全部的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份）

Base：

unbelievable（un的词基）

Derivationalmorpheme:

changecategorygrammaticalclassofwords

Prefix:

changemeaning

Suffix:

changemeaningandpartsofspeech

Inflectionalmorpheme:

signifytensenumbercase

Wordformation:

①Clipping（sho