315 ML 托福机经解析 宣传版文档格式.docx

1、生命科学考的动物学。具体解析请看正文。对话部分机经内容Office Hours办公时间： 1、女学生观察了progressive teaching approach，要根据这个写observation paper。2、具体观察的例子是一节数学课，老师让几个学生自己到黑板上写下感兴趣的数学问题或者是难题，然后让学生自己想办法解决这个问题。3、其他没有被叫到黑板上写题的同学将作为 helper和那个学生结成group，于是一节课大家就分成了小组做数学题。解析：办公时间基本考2类论文及答疑解惑，往往会涉及学术内容。这篇就是学生与教授讨论教学相关的论文，中听起来像教育学讲座。这样会比一般对话难，不过往

2、往不会考像讲座那么专业，需要留意。大家参考TPO1（C2） A class observation几乎一样，除了该学科是天文学背景。Conversation 2Service Encounter服务咨询：1、 一个天文系学生要定party的t-shirt，宣传大家选天文做major或第二职业。2、 然后那个bookstore服务员和他说这里只负责order 不负责讨论design的细节。3、 另外学生说这个t-shirt想法是因为有一个marine小组的活动的启发。4、 后来提到t-shirt的颜色，学生说忘了。聊到衣服上的字，顺带讲了冥王星Pluto不再是九大行星了，所以放在t-shirt的

3、背面，其他大行星都在正面。对话对于想考高分的同学课堂上一直的要求是满分决不能在简单的对话上浪费分数啊。学生服务对话更是如此。不管怎样，文章3分钟左右，结构非常清晰：提出问题分析问题解决问题。讲座部分机经内容和解析：Lecture 1 ART history 艺术史 建筑学。1、讲北美建筑的演化。一开始讲了federal建筑：外部对称简单，内部复杂不对称。到这里都只是review以前；2、正题是Rome风格的影响。讲到了Great Britain的一对Adam Brother，他们把这个风格引进到了美国。3、另外就是美国早期founding fathers很崇尚罗马的文化，所以也顺带喜欢罗马建筑

4、风格。4、尤其是Thomas Jefferson，他本身就是建筑师，设计了Virginia的building，用的就是罗马风格。艺术最高频的即使艺术史。当大家听到Art History文章会有两种结果：一种就是全文在讲一位艺术家，而本文即使艺术家，大家可以把TPO所有艺术家讲座文章集合起来分析总结。另一种即本篇文章讲的某类艺术史，今天讲的是美国建筑史。讲建筑史可能会有建筑图片的板书，这样会考特点的多选题。参见TPO11（L2）（Form&Function）第4题多选题。Lecture 2 Biology生物学 1、提到一个historic什么的方法，用来分析化石上遗留痕迹的。2、说这个方法帮助

5、推翻之前的hypothesis。有两个例子，第一个是说某种恐龙的身躯庞大，科学家以前推测这种恐龙要花很多年才能长成那么大，两个原因，因为很大以及周围 food resource少。通过historic的方法现在有了新的推测，这种恐龙好像几年就能长到那么大了。3、第二个例子记不清了，总之有个dwarf dinosaurs很重要，出了题。生命科学最高频的学科是动物学，往往是讲动物如何通过长期适应环境而形成的动物行为和生理结构。该讲座考的是动物行为的研究，与气象和地质学联系。生命科学文章出现例如讲座中的海蛇必考。有的讲座会出现不熟悉的动植物名称，有的有板书，有的大家要靠自己记笔记，搞不清它们是什么没

6、问题，把它们当一种生物即可。Lecture 3 Anthropology人类学 1、讲了Hurric啥啥的一类古人的生活，和akk啥的一类人做了对比。2、是欧洲的。我听的不太好，忘了很多，记得主要提到了一开始大家没怎么在意H 只觉得Ak是很重要的种族，后来人们发现H的影响比他们想像的要大。3、原因我也记不清了，只记得在Ak和H之间两个种族有connection。社会科学在TPO和机经的统计看了考得最多的是心理学和考古学，同时留意大陆还是北美的考试商业经济类讲座所占比例越来越多。考古学往往考想passage way的古遗迹和人类学的ancient civilization，本篇考点是后者古文明。

7、而讲两类古人，所以全文呈现对立对比的结构，最后会问原因。Lecture 4 Physics 1、 核能发电的可能性 ，对比了核聚变fusion和核裂变fission；2、 讲fusion好，fission不好。3、 另外提到一个专有名词ITEL还是ITER。应该好好查一下，过程很复杂。各种absorb release heat produce energy的。自然科学最经典最高频的是天文和地质学。今天考的去年第3大考点物理，如2013年12月15日核裂变和核聚变，2013年11月9题纳米材料。而今天考的和2013年12月15日考题一样，如果备考期间一直关注新东方网站每次提供的机经直播和名师解析

8、版块的同学一定大有帮助。涉及核反应的氢【hydrogen】氦【helium （He）】铀【uranium】等元素名称或化合物名称往往是考点需记忆或记笔记。记得每种技术即有道题，往往技术会考其优缺点，尤其缺点必定是考点。2.阅读第一篇简版：本文描述动物gliding的。解释了为什么gliding只发生在south asia 的tropical forest，其他地方很rare。之后整篇文章都在解释这个问题的原因，结构挺清晰的。给了三个理由。本文典型的托福阅读文章类型，描述一个现象具体然后解析这个现象背后的原因。具体内容请参照A number of animals have evolved aer

9、ial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. Flying and gliding animals have evolved separately many times, without any single ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually the development

10、 is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities. Gliding, in particular, has evolved among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests in Asia （most especially Borneo） where the trees are tall and widely spaced. Several species of aquatic animals,

11、 and a few amphibious animals have also evolved to acquire this gliding flight ability, typically as a means of evading predatorsStability is as essential to flying as lift itself, but previous discussions of how flying animals maintain stability have been limited in both number and scope. By develo

12、ping the pitching moment equations for gliding animals and by discussing potential sources of roll and yaw stability, we consider the various sources of static stability used by gliding animals. We find that gliding animals differ markedly from aircraft in how they maintain stability. In particular,

13、 the pendulum stability provided when the centre of gravity lies below the wings is a much more important source of stability in flying animals than in most conventional aircraft. Drag-based stability also appears to be important for many gliding animals, whereas in aircraft, drag is usually kept to

14、 a minimum. One unexpected consequence of these differences is that the golden measure of static pitching stability in aircraft-the static margin-can only strictly be applied to flying animals if the equilibrium angle of attack is specified. We also derive several rules of thumb by which stable flie

15、rs can be identified. Stable fliers are expected to exhibit one or more of the following features: （1） Wings that are swept forward in slow flight. （2） Wings that are twisted down at the tips when swept back （wash-out） and twisted up at the tips when swept forwards （wash-in）. （3） Additional lifting

16、surfaces （canard, hindwings or a tail） inclined nose-up to the main wing if they lie forward of it, and nose-down if they lie behind it （longitudinal dihedral）. Each of these predictions is directional-the opposite is expected to apply in unstable animals. In addition, animals with reduced stability

17、 are expected to display direct flight patterns in turbulent conditions, in contrast to the erratic flight patterns predicted for stable animals, in which large restoring forces are generated. Using these predictions, we find that flying animals possess a far higher degree of inherent stability than

18、 has generally been recognized. This conclusion is reinforced by measurements of the relative positions of the centres of gravity and lift in birds, which suggest that the wings alone may be sufficient to provide longitudinal static stability. Birds may therefore resemble tailless aircraft more clos

19、ely than conventional aircraft with a tailplane.第二篇：阅读是有关U.S的crop种植的，开头讲了1930年的Dust Bowl，这个因为我高一学了Environmental Science所以了解很多，蛮有利的。这个沙尘暴席卷了Great Plain，主要是wind erosion，于是导致美国的crop种植的改革本篇文章托福阅读当中农业类的文章，重点描述了crop种植的改革的方法，理解文章的结构重点在于读懂具体采取的措施。Soil erosion can be caused by either water or wind. In many a

20、gricultural areas, soil is eroding at a rate of several tons of soil per acre per year or higher. The map shows erosion rates on cropland from 1982 through 2007 by farm production regions. . This map only includes erosion rates on cropland.The good news is that soil erosion in the U.S. is decreasing

21、. From 1982-2007, soil erosion declined about 40% in the U.S., due to government conservation programs, technological advances, and extension education efforts.Water erosion is caused by the erosive power of raindrops falling on the soil （particularly if the soil is not covered by vegetation or resi

22、due） or by surface runoff. Raindrops cause the less severe forms of erosion （know as sheet and interrill erosion）. Severe erosion problems such as rill erosion, channel erosion, and gully erosion can result from concentrated overland flow of water.Wind erosion is particularly a problem in windy area

23、s when the soil is not protected by residue cover. Wind erosion in the United States is most widespread in the Great Plains states, as can be seen in the map at right. Wind erosion is a serious problem on cultivated organic soils, sandy coastal areas, alluvial soils along river bottoms, and other ar

24、eas in the United States.第三篇：第三篇阅读是Ocean如何影响climate，第一段先介绍了climate model是怎么工作的，有一句话是climate的various aspects 被不同的方式表现了出来。这段很长，出了两三道题，但不是很难。总之就是为了引出ocean这个aspect是如何工作的。本篇文章描述的ocean对于气候的影响，文章的理解重点在于具体理解海洋是如何影响气候的，各个影响的方面以及具体作用的过程。具体内容请参照如下：The worlds ocean is crucial to heating the planet. While land a

25、reas and the atmosphere absorb some sunlight, the majority of the suns radiation is absorbed by the ocean. Particularly in the tropical waters around the equator, the ocean acts a as massive, heat-retaining solar panel. Earths atmosphere also plays a part in this process, helping to retain heat that

26、 would otherwise quickly radiate into space after sunset.The ocean doesnt just store solar radiation; it also helps to distribute heat around the globe. When water molecules are heated, they exchange freely with the air in a process called evaporation. Ocean water is constantly evaporating, increasi

27、ng the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air to form rain and storms that are then carried by trade winds, often vast distances. In fact, almost all rain that falls on land starts off in the ocean. The tropics are particularly rainy because heat absorption, and thus ocean evaporation, is h

28、ighest in this area. Outside of Earths equatorial areas, weather patterns are driven largely by ocean currents. Currents are movements of ocean water in a continuous flow, created largely by surface winds but also partly by temperature and salinity gradients, Earths rotation, and tides （the gravitat

29、ional effects of the sun and moon）. Major current systems typically flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, in circular patterns that often trace the coastlines. Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation

30、 from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earths surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extremesuper hot at the equato

31、r and frigid toward the polesand much less of Earths land would be habitable.3.口语Task 1: Talk about a volunteer work you enjoy doing, explain why you enjoy it in details.SampleI would love to read to patients for the following reasons. First, this is an activity thats perfect for patients since many of them cant move easily. Reading can take them onto journeys they couldnt possibly go even if they were perfectly healthy. I think the experience reading gives us can take away some pain. Second, reading bonds people like no oth