大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析.docx

1、大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system,

2、or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of me

3、mbers of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be use

4、d to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the relea

5、se of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, avoiding contact with the parolees victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is

6、 the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare to

7、wards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding

8、 How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers). (3)Name of experimentDescription of the experimentRelation of the experiment with the textExperiment on obe

9、dienceA series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts co

10、nflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress.Closely related with the text since they are all about the effect of assigned roles. S

11、mall-world experiment (six degrees of separation)The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States. The research was groundbreaking in that it suggested that

12、 human society is a small-world-type network characterized by short path-lengths. The experiments are often associated with the phrase “six degrees of separation”, although Milgram did not use this term himself.Not closely related with the text since the experiment is about social networking between

13、 individuals in the United States.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1. PartPara(s)Main ideaI. Anecdote and introduction1-2A case showing the necessity for prison reformII. Body3-10 (the experiment)The experiment of a mock prison with guards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlie

14、r because of the frightening effect.III. Findings11-13 (implication)Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, or other empirically un-validated constructs.IV. Conclusion14 (effects of prison

15、)The prison situation is guaranteed to generate severe pathological reactions in both guards and prisoners as to debase their humanity, and make it difficult for them to be part of a society outside of their prison. 2. (1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoners situation to plead for pris

16、on reform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards and prisoners. (3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard. (4) The 24 participants are selec

17、ted randomly from volunteer students in Palo Alto city and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison. (5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those

18、 being experimented are frightening. (8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness of situational controls over behavior. (9) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, will

19、power, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions. II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis: the change of environment (includ

20、ing changed roles) affects ones behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which are all different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen)Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were

21、turned to abusers and victimsIndependent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings)(Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and simi

22、lar experiments also prove that most peoples behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the part

23、icipants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result). (2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior o

24、f the human beings. Differences: Zimbardos experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanleys experiment focuses on authoritys influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect). (3) Power and its execution are clo

25、sely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but its more importa

26、nt to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders. (4) Zimbardos statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) envi

27、ronment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power. (5) These excepti

28、onal examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional case

29、s they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6) Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is rel

30、igious reason most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction

31、of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (Therere also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7) Simply put, the merit of “group think” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to

32、 accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leaders view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many cases the “truth” is not necessary in the hands of the majority. (8) Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective