大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析.docx

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析.docx

《大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案解析

Unit4OrganizationandInstitution

TextA

PreparatoryWork

（1）

a.Institutionalization:

referstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception（forexampleabelief,norm,socialrole,particularvalueormodeofbehavior）withinanorganization,socialsystem,orsocietyasawhole.Thetermmayalsobeusedtorefertocommittingaparticularindividualorgrouptoaninstitution,suchasamentalorwelfareinstitution.

b.Solitaryconfinement:

isaformofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanyhumancontact,oftenwiththeexceptionofmembersofprisonstaff.Itismostlyemployedasaformofpunishmentbeyondincarcerationforaprisoner,usuallyforviolationsofprisonregulations.However,itisalsousedasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionforvulnerableinmates.Inthecaseprisonersathighriskofsuicide,itcanbeusedtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowtheprisonertoself-harm.

c.Parole:

istheprovisionalreleaseofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspriortothecompletionofthemaximumsentenceperiod.Aspecifictypeofparoleismedicalparoleorcompassionatereleasewhichisthereleaseofprisonersonmedicalorhumanitariangrounds.Conditionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobeyingthelaw,refrainingfromdrugandalcoholuse,avoidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictims,obtainingemployment,andmaintainingrequiredcontactswithaparoleofficer.

d.Rehabilitation:

isthere-integrationintosocietyofaconvictedpersonandthemainobjectiveofmodernpenalpolicy,tocounterhabitualoffending,alsoknownascriminalrecidivism.Alternativestoimprisonmentalsoexist,suchascommunityservice,probationorders,andothersentailingguidanceandaftercaretowardstheoffender.

（2）

Mainpublications:

InfluencingAttitudesandChangingBehavior（2nded.）.Reading,MA:

AddisonWesley.,1977,Psychology（3rdEdition）,Reading,MA:

AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.,1999,PsychologyAndLife,17/e,Allyn&BaconPublishing,2005,TheLuciferEffect:

UnderstandingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvil,RandomHouse,NewYork,2007

Mainresearchinterests:

socialpsychology,particularlyprisonstudy,socialintensitysyndromestudy（relatedtodischargedsoldiers）.

（3）

Nameofexperiment

Descriptionoftheexperiment

Relationoftheexperimentwiththetext

Experimentonobedience

AseriesofsocialpsychologyexperimentsconductedbyYaleUniversitypsychologistStanleyMilgram.Theymeasuredthewillingnessofstudyparticipants,menfromadiverserangeofoccupationswithvaryinglevelsofeducation,toobeyanauthorityfigurewhoinstructedthemtoperformactsconflictingwiththeirpersonalconscience;theexperimentfound,unexpectedly,thataveryhighproportionofpeoplewerepreparedtoobey,albeitunwillingly,evenifapparentlycausingseriousinjuryanddistress.

Closelyrelatedwiththetextsincetheyareallabouttheeffectofassignedroles.

Small-worldexperiment（sixdegreesofseparation）

Thesmall-worldexperimentcomprisedseveralexperimentsconductedbyStanleyMilgramandotherresearchersexaminingtheaveragepathlengthforsocialnetworksofpeopleintheUnitedStates.Theresearchwasgroundbreakinginthatitsuggestedthathumansocietyisasmall-world-typenetworkcharacterizedbyshortpath-lengths.Theexperimentsareoftenassociatedwiththephrase“sixdegreesofseparation”,althoughMilgramdidnotusethistermhimself.

NotcloselyrelatedwiththetextsincetheexperimentisaboutsocialnetworkingbetweenindividualsintheUnitedStates.

CriticalReading

I.Understandingthetext

1.

Part

Para（s）

Mainidea

I.Anecdoteandintroduction

1-2

Acaseshowingthenecessityforprisonreform

II.Body

3-10（theexperiment）

Theexperimentofamockprisonwithguardsandprisonerswerecarriedoutandhadtoendearlierbecauseofthefrighteningeffect.

III.Findings

11-13（implication）

Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallyun-validatedconstructs.

IV.Conclusion

14（effectsofprison）

Theprisonsituationisguaranteedtogenerateseverepathologicalreactionsinbothguardsandprisonersastodebasetheirhumanity,andmakeitdifficultforthemtobepartofasocietyoutsideoftheirprison.

2.

（1）Zimbardousesthespecificexampleofaprisoner’ssituationtopleadforprisonreformandtojustifytheexperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.

（2）Theyconductanexperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsandprisoners.

（3）Theywanttounderstandwhatitmeanspsychologicallytobeaprisoneroraprisonguard.

（4）The24participantsareselectedrandomlyfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocityandtheywererandomlyassignedrolesofguardsandprisonersinasimulatedprison.

（5）AtStanfordUniversityin1971.

（6）Theexperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.

（7）Becausetheeffectsofprison（abusingandbeingabused）onthosebeingexperimentedarefrightening.

（8）Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehavior.

（9）Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,etc.Manypeople,perhapsthemajority,canbemadetodoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologicallycompellingsituations–regardlessoftheirmorals,ethics,values,attitudes,beliefs,orpersonalconvictions.

II.Evaluationandexploration

（1）

Hypothesis:

thechangeofenvironment（includingchangedroles）affectsone’sbehavior（studentsareputintoamockprisonandassignedoppositeroleswhicharealldifferentfromtheirnormalenvironmentandroleofbeingastudentorcitizen）

Cause:

prisonandassignednewroles（changedenvironment）

Effect:

rationalpeoplewithhumanitywereturnedtoabusersandvictims

Independentvariable:

theparticipantsashumanbeings（thesamehumanbeings）

（Stimulus:

changeofenvironment/roles）

Dependentvariable:

behavior

Theexperimentonthepowerandinfluenceofrolesassignedtoordinaryindividualsisbasicallyvalidandconvincing,andsimilarexperimentsalsoprovethatmostpeople’sbehaviorareinfluencedbythesocialenvironment,particularlythenewrolestheyareassigned.Unfortunately,theexperimentcannotbeconfirmedduetotheethicalconcern（theharmcausedbytheexperimentontheparticipants）.Andalso,sincetheparticipantsofasocialexperimentarehumans,theresultmightnotbeexactlythesame（unlikethenaturalscienceexperimentwhichcanberepeatedwithprecisionandsameresult）.

（2）

Similarities:

thetwoexperimentsareallabouttheeffectofassignedrolesandsocialexpectationsonthebehaviorofthehumanbeings.

Differences:

Zimbardo’sexperimentfocusesonthegradualchangeofbehavioronthosewhoareassignednewroles（prisoneffect）whileStanley’sexperimentfocusesonauthority’sinfluenceonindividualsinnormalcircumstances（authorityeffect）.

（3）

Poweranditsexecutionarecloselyrelatedwiththeroleassignedtothepower-holder.Themoreimportantrolehe/sheisgiven,themorelikelyhe/sheabusesitiftherearenochecksandbalancesfromotherinstitutions.Itisveryimportanttofightagainstcorruption（incampaignsorthroughlegalmeans）,butit’smoreimportanttosetupmechanismtobalancetherolegiventopower-holders.

（4）

Zimbardo’sstatementorconclusionisbasedonhisonlyexperimentabouthumansandtheirenvironmentandcannotberepeatedduetoethicalreasons.Itisreasonabletoarguethatmostpeopleareinfluencedbythe（changeof）environmentandadapttoitquickly,whichmeanspersonal“freedom”isconditioned.However,thereareexceptions,andthisstatementcannotexplainthebehaviorofthoseheroeswhosticktotheirprinciplesunderanycircumstancesandwouldratherdiethansurrendertoenemyorpower.

（5）

Theseexceptionalexamplesaremostlyheroesinextremecircumstancessuchaswarorconditionoflifeanddeath（WenTianxiang,LiuHulan,JohnBrownetc.）.Theyhavetochoosebetweenlifeanddeathveryquicklyandsometimestheyactfrominstinct.Thereareotherfactorsthatresultintheseexceptionalcases–theyallhaveverystrongcharacterswhichhavebeenfosteredinhardship;theyalsohaveaverystrongfaithandarereadytodieforthecausetheypursue.

（6）

BesidesthereasonZimbardomentions（psychologicalfactorofself-imageforthedonors）,thereareatleasttwomorereasons.Oneisreligiousreason–mostpeopleintheWestareChristianswhobelieveintheteachingsofJesusChristandfeeladutytohelpthepoor（intheformofmaterial,money,ortime）.TheotherisrelatedtotheaffluenceoftheWestwherethemajorityofpeoplebecomewell-offenoughtogiveawayafractionoftheirwealthormoneytomaintainsocialstability.（There’realsootherreasonssuchastaxdeductioninsomecountriestoencouragedonation.）

（7）

Simplyput,themeritof“groupthink”isthatitcanmobilizeauniformedcollectiveforcetorealizesomegoalthatindividualsalonecannothopetoaccomplish（throughteamworkandnationalsolidarity）.Thedemeritof“groupthink”isthatthegroupleader’sviewmightbeone-sidedandflawed,andthewrongdecisionorpolicybasedonitcouldeasilyleadtomistakesorevendisaster.Otherdemerits:

thissituationmayeasilyresultinthecircumstanceofstrongleader/dictatorvs.obedient/populistfollowers;andinmanycasesthe“truth”isnotnecessaryinthehandsofthemajority.（8）

Clinicaltrialsareexperimentsdoneinclinicalresearch.Suchprospective