英语语法教案 Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood.docx

1、英语语法教案 Lecture 16 Subjunctive MoodLecture 16 Subjunctive MoodTeaching Aims(1) To understand the definition of mood and classification of mood(2) To grasp the use of subjunctive moodTeaching Process (1) Definition and classification of mood (2) Use of subjunctive mood a. subjunctive mood used in if c

2、onditionals b. subjunctive mood used in that clause c. subjunctive mood used in special patterns1. Definition of mood Different speaker may express different purpose. When he expresses different purposes, he may use different moods of expressions.2. Classification of moods2.1 Indicative mood: expres

3、sing statements or facts.e.g. We are all students. China is in Asia.2.2 Imperative mood: putting forward demands or orders.e.g. Please be careful. Dont smoke here.2.3 Subjunctive mood: Definition: expressing subjective wishes or hypothetical and non-factual meaning3. Classification of subjunctive mo

4、od3.1 Be- subjunctive mood1)be is used in “that clause” containing the meaning of order, decision, suggestion.a)used in “that clause” after the verbs: decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, voteb)used in “that clause” after the adjectives:

5、 advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, properc)used in “that clause” after the nouns: decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution2)be is used in “that clause” introduced by “if, though”be- subjunctiv

6、e mood can be used in that clause introduced by “if, though, whatever, lest, so long as”, such sentences have the meaning of “speculation, concession, or precaution” 3)be is used in some formula sentence patterns to express “wish, curse, or prohibition”e.g. Long live the Peoples Republic of China! G

7、od bless you! God damn you! Heaven forbid! Devil take him!1 So be it! Suffice it to say that Far be it from me to spoil the fun. He will remain here if need be. Home is home, be it ever so homely.3.2 were- Subjunctive mood1)used in some adverbial clauseused in conditional or concessive adverbial cla

8、use introduced by “if, if only, as though, though”2)used in some noun clauseused in the clause introduced by “wish, would rather, suppose, imagine4. The use of subjunctive mood4.1 subjunctive mood used in if-conditionalA conditional sentence (or “conditional” for short) is commonly composed part: co

9、nditional clause + main clause. Despite the many possible sequences of verb forms in conditionals, the following four types represent perhaps the commonest and the most useful ones:If you heat ice, it melts.If we catch the 10 oclock train, we will get there by lunch-time.If we caught the 10 oclock t

10、rain, we would get there by lunch time.If we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by lunch-time.1) Real conditional A. The first one called “whenever-type” in that “if” here is used in the sense of “whenever”. It can be used to denote the following meanings: a. Universal truth or

11、general validity Statements of this type commonly appear in factual discussions and scientific or technical material. The sequence of verb forms is as follows: If simple present + main simple present E.g. If you pour oil on water, it floats. b. present habitual action To denote present habitual acti

12、on, it takes the same pattern. If simple present + main simple present E.g. If it rains, I go to work by car. c. past habitual action To denote past habitual action, the simple past is used in both the conditional and the main clause. If simple past + main simple past. E.g. If I made a promise, I ke

13、pt it.B. The second falls into three forms: basic form, variant form, and alternative form. Basic forms: a) (if) simple present + (mian) will, etc + infinitive If it is fine tomorrow, we can have a picnic somewhere.(if) simple present + (main) imperativeIf you wake up before me, give me a call. Vari

14、ant forms: a) (if) should + infinitive + (main) will, would, etc + infinitive If he should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything.b)(if)will + infinitive + (main) will, would, etc + infinitive If you would read more carefully, you would understand what the author means. Alternative forms a) impe

15、rative + and-clause Set your alarm clock, and you wont oversleep. b) imperative + or-clause. Set your alarm clock, or (else) you ll oversleep. What we have enumerate above only represent the commonest types of real conditionals, which are actually too variegated to be exhausted in a few patterns. As

16、 a matter of fact, there are far more possible sequences of verb forms for real conditionals. So long as they do not make unreal conditionals, almost all sequences of verb forms are possible. Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned types, we can also say, for example: If he has finished his work, w

17、e shall be able to take him with us. If youve been traveling all night, you probably need a rest. Lecture 17 & 18 Auxiliary verbAuxiliary verb can be divided into 3 types: basic auxiliary verb, mood auxiliary verb, semi-auxiliary verb.17.1 the means to express mood meanings1)to express “Ability” and

18、 “possibility”: can, could, be able to 2)to express “ Permission”: can/could, may/might3)to express “Obligation” or “Necessity”: should, ought to, must4)to express “Prediction” or “Predictability”5)to express “ Willingness”, “intention” or “Determination”: will/would, shall6)other mood meanings: to

19、express “pity, worry, happiness, surprise”17.2 Epistemic usage or non-epistemic usage of mood auxiliary verb1)the mood auxiliary verbs serving as epistemic usage a) auxiliary mood verb non-epistemic usage epistemic usagecan/could to express “Ability” “Permission” to express “ Possibility”may/might t

20、o express “Permission” to express “Possibility”will/would to express “Willingness” to express “Predictability” should/ought to to express “Obligation” to express “Necessity”must to express “Obligation” to express “Necessity”b) degree of possibilityUncertain might That might be George. may could can

21、should ought to would will Certain must That must be George.2)syntax characters of mood auxiliary verb with epistemic meaninga)tenseb)there be c)static verbd)noun phrase of lifeless things3)mood auxiliary verb with epistemic meaning and the referred time18.1 semi-auxiliary verbs1)the types of semi-a

22、uxiliary verb: focused on “be”; focused on “have”; focused on “seem” can be transformed into “itthat” cannot transformed be about to be certain to be able to be (un)likely to be apt to appear to be bound to chance to be due to happen to be going to seem to be liable to turn out to be obliged to be s

23、upposed to be sure to be to be willing tohad better/besthave tohave got tocome tofail toget totend to2)semi-auxiliary and “itthat” structureLecture 19 & 20 InfinitiveTeaching Aims(1) To understand non-finite verbs(2) To grasp the form of infinitive verbs(3) To grasp the use of infinitive verbTeachin

24、g Content (1) Classification of verb (2) Characteristics of non-finite verb and classification of non-finite verb (3) Infinitive verb a. the forms of infinitive verb b. change of form in tense and aspect and voicec. the logical subject d. usage of infinitive verbe. transformation from infinitive int

25、o clause (4) Notices1. Grammatical forms The infinitive has no tense distinctions, nor person or number contrast. But they can be passive and take the simple, progressive, perfect and perfect progressive forms. A negative infinitive is formed by adding not or never immediately before the infinitive

26、sign to. 2. Forms of the infinitiveThere are two types of infinitive: to-infinitive and bare infinitive. The bare infinitive just the infinitive without to, which is identical in form with the base of the verb. 2.1 Infinitive commonly occurs with to, but in some contexts it is necessary to use the b

27、are infinitive, and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional. Following is summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used. 1) the bare infinitive is generally used to follow the modals including need and dare. 2) the bare infinitive is used to follow semi-auxiliaries. 3

28、) the bare infinitive is used to combine with such modal idioms as would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, may/ might/(just) as well, cannot but, cannot help but, etc. 4) the bare infinitive is commonly used to follow rather than and sooner than, especially when rather/ sooner than takes t

29、he initial position. e.g. Rather than cause trouble, he left. Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress. But when rather than takes other positions in the sentence, the following infinitive may be with or without to. e.g. He decided to go fishing rather than stay in the sch

30、ool. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 5) the bare infinitive is often combined with a main verb to form some fixed combinations such as: make believe let slip let down leave go let fall hear tell 6) the bare infinitive usually appears aft

31、er “ causative verb + object”, but when the causative verb occurs in the passive, the bare infinitiv should be turned into a to-infinitive. e.g. Tom made Marry do the cleaning. Marry was made to do the cleaning. 7) the bare infinitive usually occurs after “ sense verb + object”. The sense verbs include see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at, listen to. But when the sense verb occurs in the passive, it should be followed by a to-infinitive. 8) the bare infinitive is used after “ have known + object”, e.g. I have never known that man smile. 9) the bare infinitive often appears