英语语法教案 Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood.docx

英语语法教案 Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood.docx

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英语语法教案Lecture16SubjunctiveMood

Lecture16SubjunctiveMood

TeachingAims

（1）Tounderstandthedefinitionofmoodandclassificationofmood

（2）Tograsptheuseofsubjunctivemood

TeachingProcess

（1）Definitionandclassificationofmood

（2）Useofsubjunctivemood

a.subjunctivemoodusedinifconditionals

b.subjunctivemoodusedinthatclause

c.subjunctivemoodusedinspecialpatterns

1.Definitionofmood

Differentspeakermayexpressdifferentpurpose.Whenheexpressesdifferentpurposes,hemayusedifferentmoodsofexpressions.

2.Classificationofmoods

2.1Indicativemood:

expressingstatementsorfacts.

e.g.Weareallstudents.

ChinaisinAsia.

2.2Imperativemood:

puttingforwarddemandsororders.

e.g.Pleasebecareful.

Don’tsmokehere.

2.3Subjunctivemood:

Definition:

expressingsubjectivewishesorhypotheticalandnon-factualmeaning

3.Classificationofsubjunctivemood

3.1Be-subjunctivemood

1）beisusedin“thatclause”containingthemeaningoforder,decision,suggestion.

a）usedin“thatclause”aftertheverbs:

decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote…

b）usedin“thatclause”aftertheadjectives:

advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper…

c）usedin“thatclause”afterthenouns:

decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution…

2）beisusedin“thatclause”introducedby“if,though”

be-subjunctivemoodcanbeusedinthatclauseintroducedby“if,though,whatever,lest,solongas…”,suchsentenceshavethemeaningof“speculation,concession,orprecaution…”

3）beisusedinsomeformulasentencepatternstoexpress“wish,curse,orprohibition”

e.g.LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!

Godblessyou!

Goddamnyou!

!

Heavenforbid!

Deviltakehim!

1

Sobeit!

Sufficeittosaythat…

Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.

Hewillremainhereifneedbe.

Homeishome,beiteversohomely.

3.2were-Subjunctivemood

1）usedinsomeadverbialclause

usedinconditionalorconcessiveadverbialclauseintroducedby“if,ifonly,asthough,though…”

2）usedinsomenounclause

usedintheclauseintroducedby“wish,wouldrather,suppose,imagine…

4.Theuseofsubjunctivemood

4.1subjunctivemoodusedinif-conditional

Aconditionalsentence（or“conditional”forshort）iscommonlycomposedpart:

conditionalclause+mainclause.Despitethemanypossiblesequencesofverbformsinconditionals,thefollowingfourtypesrepresentperhapsthecommonestandthemostusefulones:

Ifyouheatice,itmelts.

Ifwecatchthe10o’clocktrain,wewillgettherebylunch-time.

Ifwecaughtthe10o’clocktrain,wewouldgettherebylunchtime.

Ifwehadcaughtthe10o’clocktrain,wewouldhavegottherebylunch-time.

1）Realconditional

A.Thefirstonecalled“whenever-type”inthat“if”hereisusedinthesenseof“whenever”.Itcanbeusedtodenotethefollowingmeanings:

a.Universaltruthorgeneralvalidity

Statementsofthistypecommonlyappearinfactualdiscussionsandscientificortechnicalmaterial.Thesequenceofverbformsisasfollows:

Ifsimplepresent+mainsimplepresent

E.g.Ifyoupouroilonwater,itfloats.

b.presenthabitualaction

Todenotepresenthabitualaction,ittakesthesamepattern.

Ifsimplepresent+mainsimplepresent

E.g.Ifitrains,Igotoworkbycar.

c.pasthabitualaction

Todenotepasthabitualaction,thesimplepastisusedinboththeconditionalandthemainclause.

Ifsimplepast+mainsimplepast.

E.g.IfImadeapromise,Ikeptit.

B.Thesecondfallsintothreeforms:

basicform,variantform,andalternativeform.

Basicforms:

a）（if）simplepresent+（mian）will,etc+infinitive

Ifitisfinetomorrow,wecanhaveapicnicsomewhere.

（if）simplepresent+（main）imperative

Ifyouwakeupbeforeme,givemeacall.

Variantforms:

a）（if）should+infinitive+（main）will,would,etc+infinitive

Ifheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldtellhimeverything.

b）（if）will+infinitive+（main）will,would,etc+infinitive

Ifyouwouldreadmorecarefully,youwouldunderstandwhattheauthormeans.

Alternativeforms

a）imperative+and-clause

Setyouralarmclock,andyouwon’toversleep.

b）imperative+or-clause.

Setyouralarmclock,or（else）you‘lloversleep.

Whatwehaveenumerateaboveonlyrepresentthecommonesttypesofrealconditionals,whichareactuallytoovariegatedtobeexhaustedinafewpatterns.Asamatteroffact,therearefarmorepossiblesequencesofverbformsforrealconditionals.Solongastheydonotmakeunrealconditionals,almostallsequencesofverbformsarepossible.Thus,inadditiontotheabove-mentionedtypes,wecanalsosay,forexample:

Ifhehasfinishedhiswork,weshallbeabletotakehimwithus.

Ifyou’vebeentravelingallnight,youprobablyneedarest.

Lecture17&18Auxiliaryverb

Auxiliaryverbcanbedividedinto3types:

basicauxiliaryverb,

moodauxiliaryverb,

semi-auxiliaryverb.

17.1themeanstoexpressmoodmeanings

1）toexpress“Ability”and“possibility”:

can,could,beableto

2）toexpress“Permission”:

can/could,may/might

3）toexpress“Obligation”or“Necessity”:

should,oughtto,must

4）toexpress“Prediction”or“Predictability”

5）toexpress“Willingness”,“intention”or“Determination”:

will/would,shall

6）othermoodmeanings:

toexpress“pity,worry,happiness,surprise…”

17.2Epistemicusageornon-epistemicusageofmoodauxiliaryverb

1）themoodauxiliaryverbsservingasepistemicusage

a）

auxiliarymoodverbnon-epistemicusageepistemicusage

can/couldtoexpress“Ability”“Permission”toexpress“Possibility”

may/mighttoexpress“Permission”toexpress“Possibility”

will/wouldtoexpress“Willingness”toexpress“Predictability”

should/oughttotoexpress“Obligation”toexpress“Necessity”

musttoexpress“Obligation”toexpress“Necessity”

b）degreeofpossibility

UncertainmightThatmightbeGeorge.

↓may↓

could

can

should

oughtto

would

will

CertainmustThatmustbeGeorge.

2）syntaxcharactersofmoodauxiliaryverbwithepistemicmeaning

a）tense

b）there–be

c）staticverb

d）nounphraseoflifelessthings

3）moodauxiliaryverbwithepistemicmeaningandthereferredtime

18.1semi-auxiliaryverbs

1）thetypesofsemi-auxiliaryverb:

focusedon“be”;focusedon“have”;focusedon“seem”

canbetransformedinto“it…that”cannottransformed

beabouttobecertainto

beabletobe（un）likelyto

beapttoappearto

beboundtochanceto

beduetohappento

begoingtoseemto

beliabletoturnoutto…

beobligedto

besupposedto

besureto

beto

bewillingto

hadbetter/best

haveto

havegotto

cometo

failto

getto

tendto…

2）semi-auxiliaryand“it…that”structure

Lecture19&20Infinitive

TeachingAims

（1）Tounderstandnon-finiteverbs

（2）Tograsptheformofinfinitiveverbs

（3）Tograsptheuseofinfinitiveverb

TeachingContent

（1）Classificationofverb

（2）Characteristicsofnon-finiteverbandclassificationofnon-finiteverb

（3）Infinitiveverb

a.theformsofinfinitiveverb

b.changeofformintenseandaspectandvoice

c.thelogicalsubject

d.usageofinfinitiveverb

e.transformationfrominfinitiveintoclause

（4）Notices

1.Grammaticalforms

Theinfinitivehasnotensedistinctions,norpersonornumbercontrast.Buttheycanbepassiveandtakethesimple,progressive,perfectandperfectprogressiveforms.

Anegativeinfinitiveisformedbyaddingnotorneverimmediatelybeforetheinfinitivesignto.

2.Formsoftheinfinitive

Therearetwotypesofinfinitive:

to-infinitiveandbareinfinitive.Thebareinfinitivejusttheinfinitivewithoutto,whichisidenticalinformwiththebaseoftheverb.

2.1Infinitivecommonlyoccurswithto,butinsomecontextsitisnecessarytousethebareinfinitive,andinsomeothercasestheinfinitivesignisoptional.

Followingissummingupofthesituationsinwhichthebareinfinitiveisused.

1）thebareinfinitiveisgenerallyusedtofollowthemodalsincludingneedanddare.

2）thebareinfinitiveisusedtofollowsemi-auxiliaries.

3）thebareinfinitiveisusedtocombinewithsuchmodalidiomsaswouldrather,wouldsooner,would（just）assoon,may/might/（just）aswell,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,etc.

4）thebareinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtofollowratherthanandsoonerthan,especiallywhenrather/soonerthantakestheinitialposition.

e.g.Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.

Soonerthanmarrythatman,shewouldearnherlivingasawaitress.

Butwhenratherthantakesotherpositionsinthesentence,thefollowinginfinitivemaybewithorwithoutto.

e.g.Hedecidedtogofishingratherthanstayintheschool.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

5）thebareinfinitiveisoftencombinedwithamainverbtoformsomefixedcombinationssuchas:

makebelieveletslipletdownleavegoletfallheartell

6）thebareinfinitiveusuallyappearsafter“causativeverb+object”,butwhenthecausativeverboccursinthepassive,thebareinfinitivshouldbeturnedintoato-infinitive.

e.g.TommadeMarrydothecleaning.

Marrywasmadetodothecleaning.

7）thebareinfinitiveusuallyoccursafter“senseverb+object”.Thesenseverbsincludesee,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch,lookat,listento.Butwhenthesenseverboccursinthepassive,itshouldbefollowedbyato-infinitive.

8）thebareinfinitiveisusedafter“haveknown+object”,e.g.

Ihaveneverknownthatmansmile.

9）thebareinfinitiveoftenappears