测绘专业英语翻译Word格式.docx

1、4.4.1 Instruments of trigonometric leveling三角高程测量仪器 144.4.2 Principle of trigonometric leveling三角高程测量的原理 154.4.3 Methods of trigonometric leveling三角高程测量方法 166.1 Introduction引言 176.1.1 Sources of errors fall误差源 196.1.2 Mistakes in measurements测量失误 206.2 Classifications of errors误差分类 216.2.1 Systemati

2、c errors系统误差 226.2.2 Random errors 随机误差 246.3 Analysis of random errors随机误差分析 256.3.1 Properties of random errors随机误差的特性 257.3.1 Classifications of traversing导线测量的分类 281. Open traverse 支导线 282. Closed traverse 闭合导线 308.2 Construction layout施工放样 328.3 Deformation monitoring变形监测 341.3.3 Origin of Geom

3、atics测绘的起源Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969, with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics. It includes the tools and techniques used in surveying and mapping, Remote Sensing （RS）, Geographic Information Systems （GIS）, Global N

4、avigation Satellite Systems （GNSS）, cartography, photogrammetry, geography, geosciences, computer sciences and various spatial observation technologies, land development and the environmental sciences, etc.测绘学是一个相对比较新的科学术语，它是1969年波洛克和赖特为了结合测地学和地理信息技术而创造的。它包含的工具和技术应用于测绘学好，遥感，地理信息系统，全球导航系统，制图学，摄影测量学，地

5、理学，地球科学，计算机科学与各种空间观测技术，土地开发与环境科学，等等。The term was originally used in Canada, and now it has been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and many other international authorities. Although some （especially in the United States ）author

6、ities have shown a preference for the term geospatial technology, the rapid progress of Geomatics has been made possible by advances in computer hardware, computer science, and software engineering, as well as airborne and space observation remote sensing technologies since 1990s.这个术语最初用于加拿大，现在他被国际标

7、准化组织，皇家特许测绘师协会和很多国际权威所使用。尽管一些机构（尤其是在美国的）表现出倾向于地理空间技术，但高速发展的测绘可能基于计算机硬件，计算机科学和软件工程的发展，同样自90年代起，航天航空遥感技术也得到了发展。Aworking definition of Geomatics is the science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information.This broad term appl

8、ies to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveying and mapping, and mapping, geodesy, satellite positioning systems （GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou Compass ）, photogrammetry, remote sensing （RS）, Geographic information systems（GI

9、S）, cartography, land management ,computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics, etc.测绘工作的定义是科学和技术的获取、存储、处理、管理、分析和呈现地理参考信息。这个宽泛的概念，适用于科学和技术，并集成了以下更具体的学科和技术包括测绘、测绘、大地测量、卫星定位系统（GPS、GLONASS、伽利略、北斗罗盘）、摄影测量、遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、制图、土地管理、计算机系统，环境的可视化和计算机图形学等。The term geomatics has been

10、introduced worldwide to a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science, information science and GIS, RS, GPS-oriented courses. For example, some university depart

11、ments were once titled surveying, survey engineering or topographic science have re-titled themselves as Geomatics or Geomatics engineering. The termgeomatics can bridge wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development an

12、d the environmental sciences, and being better used to convey the truecollective and scientific nature of these related activities and also have the flexibility toincorporate the future technologicaldevelopments in these fields.地球这个词已经推出了全球许多高等教育机构在过去的几年中，主要是通过重命名以前被称为“大地测量学”或“测量”，并加入了一些计算机科学、信息科学和G

13、IS、RS、GPS定向课程。例如，一些高校曾经名为测量、工程测量、地形科学已经重新命名自己为测绘或地理信息工程。地球这个词可以桥宽弧从地球通过各种科学工程和计算机科学的空间规划，土地开发与环境科学，并较好地传达这些相关活动的集体和科学的真正性质，还可以灵活地将这些领域的未来技术的发展。The advent and adoption of the term Geomatics do not suggest that the term “surveyor”out of use and so as some other related terms such as land surveyoror bu

14、ilding surveyor,etc. The traditionally-used term “surveyor” is still appropriate to collectively describe those engaged in surveying activities. The job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor, are still commonly used by practitioners to clearly describe the

15、ir specialized expertise. In the last decade,there have been dramatic development and growths in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data.This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, and provides the suitably qualified practiti

16、oners with more related job opportunities.As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice and into new areas of opportunity.的到来和术语测绘采用不建议“师”的使用等其他一些相关术语如“土地测量员”或“建筑师”等传统使用的术语“测量师”仍然是适合描述那些从事测绘活动。职位描述，如土地测量、工程测量、水文勘测员，仍然是常用的从业人员清楚地描述他们的专门知识。在过去的十年中，出现了戏剧性的发展和

17、生长在使用硬件和软件措施和处理地理空间数据的解决方案。这已经创造并将继续创造新的应用领域，并提供适当的合格从业人员与更多相关的工作机会。其结果是，“测量师”的作用是超越传统领域的实践，并进入新的领域的机会。2.3 Map projections地图投影A map is a graphic or visual representation of all or parts of the Earth, and on a map the real-world features of an area are usually depicted by symbols in their correct spa

18、tial locations, and reduced at certain scales, highlighting relationships between elements of the area such as objects, regions and themes.地图是地球的所有或部分的图形或可视化表示，并在地图上的一个区域的真正的字功能通常被描述在其正确的空间位置的符号，并减少在一定的尺度，突出的区域，如对象，区域和主题之间的关系。It is well known that only on a globe can keep the scale constant. Moved f

19、rom the curved surface of the sphere or ellipsoid to the flat surface, the map will be distorted in some way. The conventional ways that deal with the distortion problems are map projections. 众所周知，只有在地球上才能保持规模不变。从球面或椭球面到平面的曲面，地图会以某种方式被扭曲。处理失真问题的常规方法是映射预测。Surveyors usually deal with map features on a

20、 plane surface. The map features correspond to relevant spatial features on the surface of the Earth. The locations of map spatial featuresare based on a coordinate system, while the locations of spatial featuresare decided by their longitudes and latitudes on the geographic grid. 验船师通常处理平面图的特点。地图特征

21、对应于地球表面的相关空间特征。地图空间特征的位置是基于一个坐标系统，而空间特征的位置是决定其经度和纬度的地理网格。The transformation from a geographic grid to a map coordinate system （converting data in latitude and longitude into a flat map, with X and Y axis） is referred to as map projection. That is to say, map projection is an attempt to portray the s

22、urface of the Earth or a portion of the Earth on a flat surface. 从地理网格到地图坐标系的转换（在经纬度转换成平面地图的数据，用x轴）被称为地图投影。也就是说，地图投影是一种试图描绘地球表面或地球表面的一部分的尝试。As shown in Figure 2.5, there always exist some distortions, such as length distortion, angle distortion or area distortion, resulting from the process of map p

23、rojections. Some projections minimize distortions in some of these properties at expense of maximizing errors in others, so no projection can be simultaneously conformal and area-preserving.如图2.5所示，在地图投影的过程中始终存在一些扭曲，如长度变形、角度畸变或区域失真等现象。一些预测，以减少失真，在一些这些属性，在牺牲最大限度地提高别人的错误，所以没有投影可以同时保形和区域保护。The distorti

24、on properties of map projection are as follows; 地图投影的变形特性如下；（1） Conformality; Scale is the relationship between a distance portrayed on a map and the same distance on the Earth. When the scale at any point on the map is the same in any direction, the projection is conformal. Meridians （lines of long

25、itude） and parallels （lines of latitude） intersect at right angles. Shape is preserved locally on conformal maps.（1）协调；规模是一个距离在地图上描绘地球相同的距离之间的关系。当在地图上的任何一点上的刻度是相同的任何方向，投影是保形的。经络（直线）和平行线（直线）在直角相交。保形图上保形保形。（2） Distance; A map is equidistant when it portrays distances from the center of projection to a

26、ny other place on map. Equidistant projection, a kind of arbitrary projection, refers to that the distance remains constant after projected along a specific direction, and namely along the specific direction, the length ratio is equal to 1. In practical applications, meridians are usually projected

27、as straight lines, and the distances along a longitudinal direction are maintained equal, the angles and areas are distorted. The equidistant projection is frequently used for drawing traffic map.（2）距离；地图是等距当它描绘了距离投影中心的地图上的任何地方。等距投影、一种任意投影，是指距离保持不变后，预计沿着特定的方向，即沿着特定的方向，长度比等于1。在实际应用中，经络通常投影为直线，沿纵向方向的距

28、离保持相等，角度和面积都是扭曲的。等距投影是经常用于绘制交通图。（3） Direction; A map preserves direction when azimuths （angles from a point on a line to another point） are portrayed correctly in all directions.（3）方向；地图保留方向时，方位角（从线路上的一个点到另一点的角度）描述正确四面八方。（4）Area; when a map portrays areas over the entire region and all mapped areas

29、have the same proportional relationship with the region on the Earth that they represent, the map is an equal-area map.（4）区域；当地图描绘整个区域和所有映射区域的区域与它们所代表的区域的区域具有相同的比例关系，地图是一个相等的区域地图。2.4 Datums and coordinate system基准和坐标系统2.4.1 Horizontal and vertical datums水平基准和高程基准A datum is the mathematical model of

30、the Earth used to calculate the coordinates and elevations on any map, chart or survey system. Since the estimates of the Earths size were firstly made by Aristotle, hundreds of different datums have been used to frame position descriptions. But all coordinates reference to some particular set of nu

31、mbers for the size and shape of the Earth. For example, the Global Positioning System （GPS） is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 （WGS-84）. Many countries use their own local datums when they make their maps and surveys. There are two types of datums that must be considered in surveying and map

32、ping.基准是用来计算任何地图、图表或测量系统的坐标和海拔高度的精确地球模型。因为地球的大小估计是首先由亚里士多德，不同的基准上已用于帧位置的描述。但是所有的坐标系都参照了地球的大小和形状的特定集合。例如，全球定位系统（GPS）是基于世界大地测量系统1984（WGS-84）。许多国家利用自己的本地数据时，他们使他们的地图和调查。有两种类型的基准，必须考虑在测绘。1.Horizontal datums水平基准A horizontal datum is a surface with constant values that forms the basis for the computations of horizontal control surveys. In a