议论类文章阅读同步初英语语法.docx

1、议论类文章阅读同步初英语语法1英语议论类文章阅读同步（初）知识定位阅读无论在什么类型的考试中所占比分永远是最大的，把阅读做好也就是成功了一半。然而要做好阅读，特别是中考的阅读，首先需要积累一定的词汇量，其次需要一定的解题方法。中考阅读理解多是记叙文，也会有一定数量的说明文和议论文。考生需要对各种不同的体裁都要有一定的了解，并掌握相应的解题方法。知识梳理议论文是一种通过“剖析事物，论述事理，出主张，发表见解”的文体。议论文的三要素是论点（作者的观点，也就是被证明的对象）、论据（用来证明论点的依据，是说明论点的理由和材料）和论证（运用论据证明论点的过程与方法）。高考议论型短文分为两种，一种是夹叙夹

2、议型短文；另一种是纯议论型短文。第一种的基本模式是：叙述事件，出感悟，作出结论。第二种的基本模式是：出问题分析问题解决问题。纯议论型短文有以下特点：(1)鲜明的观点。一开始就旗帜鲜明，挑明主题(thesis)，一般来说每一段的第一句一般都是top sentence，然后再逐步展开。(2)合理的论证。出相关的理由来有力地支持自己的观点。这些理由旨在回答一个基本问题，即：Why do you think so?倡引用统计数字和事例来作证。(3)推理的条理性和逻辑性。有时会较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词。推断题解题技巧：一：推断隐含意义的问方式：It can be inferred from t

3、he text that_. According to, we can infer that_.From the text we know that is most likely_.When the writer talks about , what the writer really means is_ .The writer suggests that_.The story implies that_.We can infer conclude from the passage that_.二：推断题特征推断题题干中的标志词有 infer， imply， possible， probabl

4、e 等， 它在某种程度上与细节题类似。它考察的内容属于原文细节，但是它要求考生在原文的基础上对文章信息进行分析、理解。考生不仅需要读懂原文，而且还要理解作者的弦外之音。所以推断题解题应注意两点：三：如何推断写作目的子知识点一： 问方式考查整篇文章的写作目的 The writer writes this passage in order to _.2The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _.What is the purpose of writing this article?In writing the passage, the a

5、uthor intends to _.子知识点二： 考查某处细节的写作意图The writer uses the example ofto show that _.The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _. are mentioned in thefirst paragraph to _.子知识点三：不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的, 但写作目的通常以下三类to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑）to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）to inform

6、 readers（告知读者某些信息）四：如何推断作者观点子知识点一：常见问方式The writers attitude toward _ is _.The writer thought that_.According to the author _.子知识点二：此类试题的干扰项通常具有以下特点自己的某种看法或观点，或是社会的一种普遍种倾与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等五：推断题建议要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断是注意

7、不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知细节题解题技巧：一：常见问方式细节事实类题型多种多样，但有一些常见的方式：1. What causes?2. What is special about ?3. Why does the writer . ?4. It can be seen from this passage that. . ?5. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?6. Which of the following statement is (NOT) true?7. The writer mentions al

8、l of the following EXCEPT _. 8. According to the passage who (when, where, what, whose, how)9. The reason for is _. 二：辨析细节题正确选项注意点1.对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2.词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3.语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4.正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。三：具有干扰作用的错误选项的特征1.将原文内容扩大

9、或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2.把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3.无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。4.文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，3这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所的问题。四：具体解题步骤1. 排除干扰项 ，突出主题。事实细节题的设计干扰项一般都是某一细节的错误叙述与论断，可先排除干扰项。作为命题内容的细节一般

10、总是短文的要点活主要论据。因此正确的选项往往与短文的主题密切相关。2. 按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词，如 for example，first，second 等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实。3. 将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈 Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。4. 注意识别指代词语。为避免重复，文章中对多次及的事物或现象会使用不同的词语，如同义词、近义词、代词等。主旨题解题技巧：一：主旨题题目类型1. 概括文章大意2. 选出最佳题目（标题）3. 概括人物特点4. 识辨作者

11、语气、态度等二： 主旨题的主要问方式1. What is mainly discussed in this passage?2. What is the authors main concern?3. The main idea of this passage maybe best expressed as_. 4. The selection informs us that_. 5. Which sentence contains a statement of the theme?6. The best title for this passage could be _. 7. The ar

12、ticle was written to explain _. 三：主旨题解题方法与步骤略读法是理解全文大意的快速而有效的方法，略读的关键是能抓住文章要点的前下，以个人最快的速度阅读，主要目的是尽快获得足够的信息以便准确的回答问题，利用略读法去做阅读时，要特别注意首尾两段，要学会寻找文章段落的主题句，这是高效省事地抓住段落要点的捷径，同时也是准确理解文章大意的有效途径。1. 先看问题，看是否有和主旨相关的题目，了解题目类别和问方式2. 再看文章首尾和各段开头，找出主题句或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握主旨3. 以掌握主旨为前，处理推断作者语气或意图等其他深层次问题四：主旨题常见错误1. 以偏

13、盖全。只是局部信息或者是一句没有展开论述的话2. 过于笼统。即归纳的主题太宽泛，与细节脱节或者是没有对细节加以充分论述3. 把观点强加于作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解4. 无关信息，即在文章中没有到或者是找不到语言 依据的信息猜词题解题技巧：A 利用上下文确定词义通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。例 1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality He s

14、eems to have unlimited energy对于 dynamic 一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的 He seems to have unlimited energy（他似乎有用不完的劲）就是对 dynamic 词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词意为“有干劲的”。例 2：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep4通过后面的 through knee-deep mud（没膝深的泥浆），我们知道 trudged 一词的意思为与行走这一动作有

15、关，在泥浆中行走，也就是“跋涉”。B 利用构词法确定词义掌握英语构词法，是高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下，通过构词分析，便能理解不认识生词的含义，不至于中断阅读。因此，应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀（包括前缀和后缀）和词根，通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。例 1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapyChemotherapy 是由 chemo（意为 chemical）和 therapy (意为 treatment），整个单词意思就是“化学疗法”。例 2：They overestimate the intervi

16、ewees ability and asked him many difficult questionsoverestimate over (过分、过度)estimate (估计)。因此 overestimate 的词义可猜测为“过高估计”。C 利用语法知识确定词义在很多情况下，各种语法知识可以帮助我们来判断词性、词义。例 1：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person利用同位语 a small boat for one person 我们知道 kayak 是一种单人小船。例 2

17、：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air It plays a very important part in the field of engineering通过后面的解释我们知道 Ventilation 为“通风，流通空气”之意。例 3：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathingStethoscope

18、 一词大家都不熟悉，通过后面的同位语解释 an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing，我们便能理解 stethoscope 的确切词义，即“听诊器”或“听筒”的意思。D 根据同义、反义关系确定词义阅读中，特别是要注意表示反意的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to 等，利用这些同义、反义关系，可以帮助我们确定词义。例

19、1：My sister Marry is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen从 while 的转折关系可知 optimist 意思是“one who expects the best”, 即“乐观的”。例 2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and muc

20、h shorter根据 Mother was tall, fat 以及后面 as plump as 的同义关系，我们知道 plump 为“丰满的”之意。例 3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lyingconcoct 一词大家不熟悉，根据 but 的转折关系我们知道在此句中与 was lying 的含义大体相同，由此可知 concoct 的大概意思是“编造谎话”。E 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义有时候，逻辑推理和自身的生活经验及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。例

21、1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen凭常识我们不难猜出 fins, slimy 和 scales 的确切意思分别是“鳍”、“滑溜的”和“鳞”，对于 eels一词，我们只需知道是 fish 的一种（鳗类）就行了。例 2：Not wanting to disturb

22、the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater根据前半句的 Not wanting to disturb（不愿打扰），我们便可大致推测出 gingerly 一词的含义：“小心翼翼地”。5例题精讲【试题来源】【题目】What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a colorIt also means taking special steps to protect the environm

23、ent the water, the land, and the air we breatheWhy green? Plants are green, and without them the earth wouldnt be such a lovely home for us human beings.Sometimes people call ours a throwaway societyThat means we are always throwing away old things and buying new onesMany times, if you no longer nee

24、d something, someone else just might need itFor example , if your brother is old enough not to play with his plastic bike, why not give it to another family who has a little kid so that they dont need to buy one? And one less large plastic toy doesnt need to be produced.Recycling(回收利用) has never bee

25、n easierMany organization will pick it up right in front of your house and some towns even require(要求) itTell your mom or dad you want to becomeChief of Make sure you encourage everyone in your house to think whether things can be reused or recycled before theyre thrown away.Almost everyone likes tr

26、avelingBut next time before you travel around the world, take a look at your own backyardIs there a place where you could plant a tree or put in a little fruit or vegetable garden? If so, get there and get your hands dirtyThen you can watch with pride as your tree takes root, and your garden plants

27、grow into big plants full of ripe, red tomatoes of tiny, juicy blueberriesWho knew being green would taste so good?【选项】1In the first paragraph, the writer introduces the topic of the passage by _ .Atelling an interesting story Bexplaining the word green Cgiving some special examples 2In a throwaways

28、ociety, _ .Apeople shouldnt produce any plastic things Bpeople can get anything they want from others Cpeople always throw away the used things and buy new ones 3To be Chief of Recycling, you should _.Arecycle things all by yourself Bask your family to use the old things all the time Cfind a place t

29、o keep the things that can be recycled 4You are advised to run a fruit or vegetable garden in order to _.Acreate a green environment Bmake a lot of money Cget your hands dirty 5The purpose of the passage is to tell us that _.Awe must enjoy the nature Bwe had better eat more green food Cwe should pro

30、tect our environment 【答案】BCCAC【解析】1推理判断题。题意：在第一段里，作者怎样介绍短文的主题？Atelling an interesting story讲一个有趣的故事；Bexplaining the word green解释 green 的含义；Cgiving some special examples 举一些特殊的例子。根据短文第一段的：What does it mean to be green?可知本段是对 green 作解释，故选 B。2细节理解题。题意：在“乱扔”的社会里，人们怎样？Apeople shouldnt produce any plastic things 人们不应该生产任何塑料制品；Bpeople can get anything they want from others 人们6可以从别人那儿得到自己想要的东西；Cpeople always throw away the used things and buy new ones 人们总是扔掉用过的东西并且购买新的。由第二段的第二句:That means we are always throwing away old things and buyi