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1、此为该教材部分Case的参考答案，特此申明！Case study 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an

2、objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richards mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simpl

3、y the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, “What beautiful frames your pictures are in.In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among a group and that the organiza

4、tion itself-be it a family or a vast corporation-is valued more than any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably to be in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case, Richards mistake was

5、making great efforts to defend himself. Even if the others knew that the errors were not intentional, it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to help the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriat

6、e. But for poor Richard only to apologize would have seemed to him to be subservient and unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of tailing sugar or cr

7、eam to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, Help yourself; for English counterpart, Be my guest. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained, but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is

8、one who makes himself at home,” even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case3The case indicates that differences in cultural values and beliefs

9、can cause a conflict. For the starter, Mary did not realize that Luz saw her as a member of the family. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by every member of the family. Luz like most Dominican person borrows without asking the permission every time. If Mary understood that there w

10、as a different way of looking at the case, she would become more tolerant of this. Although she might find it a little frustrating when the same thing happened again, she had to find a way to cope with her own emotional and cultural reactions as well as her problems. If not, the misunderstanding wil

11、l never end.Case4It is a matter of different rhythms. American people have only one rhythm in their personal and family relations. They are friendly and charitable. People from other cultures may have different rhythms, just like Japanese young man in the case. American rhythm is rather rapid. They

12、are inclined to accept others in a fast pace. However, they are unlikely to engage themselves entirely in a friendship. The friendships among them are warm but casual and specific. For instance, you have a neighbor dropping by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite h

13、er for dinner, because you have seen her that morning and not because you think she could not use a folk and a knife. As a result, you reserve your more formal invitation to someone who lives in a farther part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occ

14、asion. But if the first friend moves away and the second friend moves nearby, you probably will reverse this. You will see the second friend in the morning for informal coffee and invite the first one formally to dinner.Americans are guided frequently by their own convenience. They tend to make frie

15、nds readily and they dont feel necessary to go to trouble to see friends often when it is not convenient and it is not hurt. However, people from many other cultures in the similar circumstance will feel deeply hurt.Case5In China it is not polite to accept the first offer so in this case Heping Liu

16、is modest, polite and well-behaved. He intends to accept the beer at the second or the third offer. But he doesnt know the North Americans do not push alcoholic beverage on anyone. A man may refuse to drink for the reason of religion or allergy. He may also be a reformed alcoholic. Whatever the reas

17、on, they do not insist on offering alcohol. Therefore, the North Americans dont make a second offer to Heping and Heping may thinks they are not hospitable.There are always individual differences among people from the same culture. The young Chinese nurse may know something about the American cultur

18、e and is to do as the Americans do when she is in an American family.Case6When a conversation begins, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved-utterance meaning, the speakers meaning and the hearers meaning. In the case, when Litz asks how long her mother-in-law is going to stay, she mean

19、s that she will enable to make a proper arrangement for her mother-in-law if she knows the duration of her stay in Finland. However, her mother-in-law takes Litzs question as a hint of not wanting her to stay for long. In Chinese eyes, it is inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two day

20、s after the arrival of her mother-in-law. If she wants to ask the question, it is better to ask some time later and she should never let her mother-in-law hear it.Case study 8When the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas

21、in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the shabby Chinese Christmas. Thats why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the ministers family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She tho

22、ught the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sleet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese a

23、nd Western cultures in what food is appropriate for a banquet, what are good table manner, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because ones cutter is different from others. As Amys mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only sha

24、me is to have shame.Case study 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements. In this case, the young chairman must have h

25、ad his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfathers dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly

26、 on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese c

27、ulture, challenging or disagreeing with elders opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. Thats why the young chairman didnt say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. But Ph

28、il seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken pro

29、test could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case11This case shows possible cultural differences in polite behavior and the different emotional reaction to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures will be likely to agree that an

30、 apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms take place. But people differ in when and how to apologize or the situation that calls for an apology. As far as the foreigners concerned, Japanese apologize more often and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the perso

31、n acknowledge his fault, while in the view of Japanese, the foreigners seem to be rude because they do not apologize as often as Japanese do. In this case, the attitude of the Australian students parents shocks and insults the Japanese but it can be accepted in an English-speaking society. That is b

32、ecause the student is already an adult and is able to be responsible for her deeds.Case12In this case, the Chinese may feel disappointed at the undue expectations.First, for the hierarchically minded Chinese, two people sharing host responsibility is confusing. Second, since age is generally considered as an indication of seniority in China, the Chinese may regard the youth of one of their Canadian hosts as a slight to them. Third, it is Chinese tradition for the host to give a welcome toast at the beginning of the me