key to case studyWord文档格式.docx

key to case studyWord文档格式.docx

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此为该教材部分Case的参考答案，特此申明！

Casestudy1

Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortstoachieveunderstanding.

WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard'

smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein."

InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongagroupandthattheorganizationitself--beitafamilyoravastcorporation--isvaluedmorethananyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablytobeinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard'

smistakewasmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Eveniftheothersknewthattheerrorswerenotintentional,itisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistohelpthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardonlytoapologizewouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservientandunmanly.

WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftailingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:

forAmericans,"

Helpyourself"

;

forEnglishcounterpart,"

Bemyguest."

AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertained,buttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho"

makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrinkForpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.

Case3

Thecaseindicatesthatdifferencesinculturalvaluesandbeliefscancauseaconflict.Forthestarter,MarydidnotrealizethatLuzsawherasamemberofthefamily.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeverymemberofthefamily.LuzlikemostDominicanpersonborrowswithoutaskingthepermissioneverytime.IfMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthecase,shewouldbecomemoretolerantofthis.Althoughshemightfinditalittlefrustratingwhenthesamethinghappenedagain,shehadtofindawaytocopewithherownemotionalandculturalreactionsaswellasherproblems.Ifnot,themisunderstandingwillneverend.

Case4

Itisamatterofdifferentrhythms.Americanpeoplehaveonlyonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations.Theyarefriendlyandcharitable.Peoplefromotherculturesmayhavedifferentrhythms,justlikeJapaneseyoungmaninthecase.Americanrhythmisratherrapid.Theyareinclinedtoacceptothersinafastpace.However,theyareunlikelytoengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Thefriendshipsamongthemarewarmbutcasualandspecific.Forinstance,youhaveaneighbordroppingbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner,becauseyouhaveseenherthatmorningandnotbecauseyouthinkshecouldnotuseafolkandaknife.Asaresult,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtosomeonewholivesinafartherpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.Butifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondfriendmovesnearby,youprobablywillreversethis.Youwillseethesecondfriendinthemorningforinformalcoffeeandinvitethefirstoneformallytodinner.

Americansareguidedfrequentlybytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendsreadilyandtheydon’tfeelnecessarytogototroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitisnotconvenientanditisnothurt.However,peoplefrommanyotherculturesinthesimilarcircumstancewillfeeldeeplyhurt.

Case5

InChinaitisnotpolitetoacceptthefirstoffersointhiscaseHepingLiuismodest,politeandwell-behaved.Heintendstoacceptthebeeratthesecondorthethirdoffer.Buthedoesn’tknowtheNorthAmericansdonotpushalcoholicbeverageonanyone.Amanmayrefusetodrinkforthereasonofreligionorallergy.Hemayalsobeareformedalcoholic.Whateverthereason,theydonotinsistonofferingalcohol.Therefore,theNorthAmericansdon’tmakeasecondoffertoHepingandHepingmaythinkstheyarenothospitable.

Therearealwaysindividualdifferencesamongpeoplefromthesameculture.TheyoungChinesenursemayknowsomethingabouttheAmericancultureandistodoastheAmericansdowhensheisinanAmericanfamily.

Case6

Whenaconversationbegins,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved---utterancemeaning,thespeaker’smeaningandthehearer’smeaning.Inthecase,whenLitzaskshowlonghermother-in-lawisgoingtostay,shemeansthatshewillenabletomakeaproperarrangementforhermother-in-lawifsheknowsthedurationofherstayinFinland.However,hermother-in-lawtakesLitz’squestionasahintofnotwantinghertostayforlong.InChineseeyes,itisinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterthearrivalofhermother-in-law.Ifshewantstoaskthequestion,itisbettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldneverlethermother-in-lawhearit.

Casestudy8

WhentheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirls.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfrienddisappointedatthe"

shabby"

ChineseChristmas.That'

swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister'

sfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsleetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Howcouldshenoticethenthefoodschosenbyhermotherwereallherfavorites?

Fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatfoodisappropriateforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanner,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamejustbecauseone'

scutterisdifferentfromothers'

.AsAmy'

smothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.

Casestudy9

HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,athome,school,community,organizations,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.

Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;

however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfather’sdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeastandagainsthim.ThismaymanifesttherigidhierarchicalstructureintheJapanesesociety.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherobviouslyoverpoweredtheinexperiencedyoungchairman.Inotherwords,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwithelders’opinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.That’swhytheyoungchairmandidn’tsayanythingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.

ButPhilseemedtoknowlittleabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersmuchinsuchsituations,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.Unfortunately,hisoutspokenprotestcouldeasilyoffendthegrandfatherandhemightberegardedasarudeandill-bredpersonbyotherJapanese.

Case11

Thiscaseshowspossibleculturaldifferencesinpolitebehaviorandthedifferentemotionalreactiontounexpectedbehavior.

Peopleinmostcultureswillbelikelytoagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormstakeplace.Butpeopledifferinwhenandhowtoapologizeorthesituationthatcallsforanapology.Asfarastheforeignersconcerned,JapaneseapologizemoreoftenandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonacknowledgehisfault,whileintheviewofJapanese,theforeignersseemtoberudebecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenasJapanesedo.Inthiscase,theattitudeoftheAustralianstudent’sparentsshocksandinsultstheJapanesebutitcanbeacceptedinanEnglish-speakingsociety.Thatisbecausethestudentisalreadyanadultandisabletoberesponsibleforherdeeds.

Case12

Inthiscase,theChinesemayfeeldisappointedattheundueexpectations.

First,forthehierarchicallymindedChinese,twopeoplesharinghostresponsibilityisconfusing.Second,sinceageisgenerallyconsideredasanindicationofseniorityinChina,theChinesemayregardtheyouthofoneoftheirCanadianhostsasaslighttothem.Third,itisChinesetraditionforthehosttogiveawelcometoastatthebeginningoftheme