英汉礼貌用语对比研究学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、中文摘要礼貌是人们在频繁的交往中彼此表示尊重与友好的行为规范。礼貌现象存在于各种不同的文化之中，对于保持人们之间的友好关系，建立和谐的谈话气氛起着重要的作用。英汉国家由于受到不同文化的影响，会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行，而不同的民族对礼貌的理解各不同，这就往往影响英汉双方进行有效的跨文化交际，甚至会导致跨文化交际的失败。通过对比研究英汉礼貌用语的差异，会促使英语学习者在跨文化交际中减少语用失误，同时达到使用恰当的礼貌用语进行有效交际的目的。关键词：礼貌用语；交际；比较研究；文化差异ContentsAbstract i中文摘要 ii1. Introduction 11.1 Backgrou

2、nd 11.2 Aim and objectives 11.3 Organization of the paper 12. Literature Review 23. A comparative Study of Polite Language Between English and Chinese 43.1 Addressing form 43.2 Greetings 53.3 Polite language for inviting 63.4 Polite language for apologizing and thanking 73.5 The differences of priva

3、te word in English and Chinese 84. The Investigation of Dominant Cultural Influence on Politeness and Strategies for Improving Cross-cultural Communication 94.1 The dominant cultural patterns which influence polite language 94.2 Strategies for improving cross-cultural communication 105. Conclusion 1

4、1References 12Acknowledgements 13 1. Introduction1.1 BackgroundStudies on comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese have gain great attention at home and abroad, and thus large quantities of literature on the study of learning comparative study of polite language between Engli

5、sh and Chinese were published. The main function of politeness expressions is to establish and maintain good interpersonal relationships. Due to the different culture between English and Chinese, the polite language is quite different. Contemporary, English has been as an important international lan

6、guage. As the economic developing very fast in China, it s international position is more and more important as well. So whether it is for English learners or foreigners, intercultural communication becomes more and more important. In order to avoid the verbal misunderstanding and failure in communi

7、cation, ensure smooth communication, people should learn the differences polite language between English and Chinese.1.2 Aim and objectives This study aims to find out the differences of polite language between English and Chinese in order to avoid verbal misunderstanding and failure in communicatio

8、n. This paper tries to analyze the cultural differences affect the polite language in English and Chinese, and points out that the comparative study will help us to reduce the pragmatic failure and achieve the cross-cultural communication. To be specific, this study attempts to answer the following

9、three questions: （1）What is the purpose to analyze this study? （2） What causes the differences of polite language between English and Chinese? （3） What should we learn during this study?1.3 Organization of the paper This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one serves as an overall introduct

10、ion to the rationale and aim of the study. Chapter two reviews the definitions of politeness that have been proposed by scholars at home and abroad. Chapter three analyzes the differences in addressing, greeting, inviting, and apologizing and thanking by comparison. Chapter four analyzes the specifi

11、c cultural assumptions, and put forward suggestions on how to improve the cross-cultural communication. Chapter five is devoted to the conclusion in which we find out the differences of polite language between English and Chinese in order to improve the cross-cultural communication.2. Literature Rev

12、iew Politeness, in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another peoples face. （George Yule, 2004, 10:60） In the early 50s, the American scholar E. Goftman had put forward the “face behavior theory” in terms of sociology. Brown and Levinson（1978）view politene

13、ss as “a complex system for softening face-threatening acts.” On the basis of the theory of E Goftmans , in 1978, Brown and Levinson have put forward the mature “face behavior theory” in their book Universals in Language usage politeness phenomena. And they tried to regard “face behavior theory” as

14、a common linguistic phenomenon to study. As far as 1702, Theophrastus defined politeness as “a social behavior; a skill to be used to achieve a specific aim, the principal aim is enhancement of egos self-esteem and his/her public status in her eyes of others with supplementary aim of enhancing other

15、s self-esteem.（Watts,1992）According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English （1980）, politeness means the attempt to establish, maintain and save face during conversation.Lakoff （1973） holds the view that politeness is a device used in order to reduce friction in personal interactio

16、n.Leech （1983） interprets politeness as form of behavior aimed at the establishment and maintenance of comity, i.e., the ability of Participants in a socio-communicative interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony. Further more, Leech put forward six politeness principl

17、es to restrict interpersonal communication. The first one is Tact Maxim（得体准则）: （a）Minimize cost to other （尽量少让别人吃亏）, （b）Maximize benefit to other （尽量多使别人受益）. The second one is Generosity Maxim （慷慨准则）：（a） Minimize benefit to self （尽量少让自己受益），（b）Maximize cost to self （尽量多使自己吃亏）. The third one is Approb

18、ation Maxim （赞誉准则）：（a） Minimize dispraise of other （尽量少贬低别人）；（b）Maximize praise of other （尽量多赞誉别人）. The fourth one is Modesty Maxim （谦虚准则）: （a）Minimize praise of self（尽量少赞誉自己）；（b）Maximize dispraise of self （尽量多贬低自己）. The fifth one is Agreement Maxim （一致准则）：（a） Minimize disagreement between self and

19、other （尽量减少双方的分歧）；（b）Maximize agreement between self and other （尽量增加双方的一致）. The last one is Sympathy Maxim （同情准则）：（a） Minimize antipathy between self and other （尽量减少双方的反感）；（b）Maximize sympathy between self and other （尽量增加双方的同情）.（Leech,1983） Grundy （1995） consider politeness as “the term we use to ex

20、tent to which actions, the way things are said, match addressees perceptions of how they should be performed.”Kasper （1990） view that“Politeness is therefore a term to refer to the strategies available to interactions to defuse the danger and to minimize the antagonism.”House （2001） says politeness

21、is a socio-cultural phenomenon, roughly to be defined as showing, or appearing to show, consideration to other. In China, the concept of politeness can be traced back of the notion to 礼（rite）. It refers to the social hierarchy and order of the slave society of the Zhou Dynasty （He, 1995）. Two or thr

22、ee hundreds later, the notion of礼 gained the meaning of politeness. In 礼记（the Book of Rites）, which is one of the six Confucian classic complied by Dai Sheng（辞海，1979）, the classical notion of 礼 was descried as “to humble yourself but show respect to other.” Professor Gu （1990） from Beijing Internati

23、onal Studies University puts it that there are basically four notions underlying the conception of 礼貌. There are respectfulness, which refers to selfs positive appreciation or admiration of other concerning face, social status and so on; modesty, which is a way to show self-denigration; attitudinal

24、warmth , which involves selfs demonstration of kindness, consideration and hospitality to other; and refinement, which refers to selfs behavior to other which meets certain standards. These are the key components of Chinese concept of politeness.3. A Comparative Study of Polite Language between Engl

25、ish and Chinese3.1 Addressing form3.1.1 Different addressing forms in relationsAccording to modern dictionary, terms of address explain like this: Term of address is the title telling the interrelation between one and the other, as well as represent the others status or career.From ancient times to

26、present, Chinese have paid much attention to addressing other due to China is a country with long history, and they respect the elders very much. In Chinese, the junior shouldnt address the elders by their name directly but use the relative addresses, such as “爷爷”（grandpa）,“奶奶”（grandma）,“爸爸”（dad）,“妈

27、妈”（mum）,and so on. Among the peers, the younger should not call the elders by their full name directly but address them by using the relative addresses, such as “大哥”（elder brother）,“大姐”（elder sister）,while the elder can call the younger by their name directly.Compared with Chinese, terms of addressi

28、ng in English are much simpler. They address all their fathers and mothers brother “uncle”, all their fathers and mothers sister “aunt” and call all their peers “cousin”. However, in Chinese, it is very complex. Such as “舅舅”（mothers brother）;“伯父”（fathers elder brother）;“叔父”（fathers younger brother）;

29、“姨父”（husband of mothers sister）;“姑父”（husband of fathers sister）;“姨妈”（mothers married sister）;“姑妈”（fathers married sister）;“堂兄弟”（sons of fathers brother）“堂姐妹”（daughters of fathers brother）“表兄弟”（sons of fathers sister or of mothers sister or brother）“表姐妹”（daughters of fathers sister or of mothers sister or brother）. In English, they can call their names among peers, even between their parents. It is quite differ