英汉礼貌用语对比研究学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx

英汉礼貌用语对比研究学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx

《英汉礼貌用语对比研究学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英汉礼貌用语对比研究学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

中文摘要

礼貌是人们在频繁的交往中彼此表示尊重与友好的行为规范。

礼貌现象存在于各种不同的文化之中，对于保持人们之间的友好关系，建立和谐的谈话气氛起着重要的作用。

英汉国家由于受到不同文化的影响，会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行，而不同的民族对礼貌的理解各不同，这就往往影响英汉双方进行有效的跨文化交际，甚至会导致跨文化交际的失败。

通过对比研究英汉礼貌用语的差异，会促使英语学习者在跨文化交际中减少语用失误，同时达到使用恰当的礼貌用语进行有效交际的目的。

关键词：

礼貌用语；

交际；

比较研究；

文化差异

Contents

Abstracti

中文摘要ii

1.Introduction1

1.1Background1

1.2Aimandobjectives1

1.3Organizationofthepaper1

2.LiteratureReview2

3.AcomparativeStudyofPoliteLanguageBetweenEnglishandChinese4

3.1Addressingform4

3.2Greetings5

3.3Politelanguageforinviting6

3.4Politelanguageforapologizingandthanking7

3.5ThedifferencesofprivatewordinEnglishandChinese8

4.TheInvestigationofDominantCulturalInfluenceonPolitenessandStrategiesforImprovingCross-culturalCommunication9

4.1Thedominantculturalpatternswhichinfluencepolitelanguage9

4.2Strategiesforimprovingcross-culturalcommunication10

5.Conclusion11

References12

Acknowledgements13

1.Introduction

1.1Background

StudiesoncomparativestudyofpolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChinesehavegaingreatattentionathomeandabroad,andthuslargequantitiesofliteratureonthestudyoflearningcomparativestudyofpolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChinesewerepublished.Themainfunctionofpolitenessexpressionsistoestablishandmaintaingoodinterpersonalrelationships.DuetothedifferentculturebetweenEnglishandChinese,thepolitelanguageisquitedifferent.Contemporary,Englishhasbeenasanimportantinternationallanguage.AstheeconomicdevelopingveryfastinChina,it’sinternationalpositionismoreandmoreimportantaswell.SowhetheritisforEnglishlearnersorforeigners,interculturalcommunicationbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Inordertoavoidtheverbalmisunderstandingandfailureincommunication,ensuresmoothcommunication,peopleshouldlearnthedifferencespolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChinese.

1.2Aimandobjectives

ThisstudyaimstofindoutthedifferencesofpolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChineseinordertoavoidverbalmisunderstandingandfailureincommunication.ThispapertriestoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesaffectthepolitelanguageinEnglishandChinese,andpointsoutthatthecomparativestudywillhelpustoreducethepragmaticfailureandachievethecross-culturalcommunication.

Tobespecific,thisstudyattemptstoanswerthefollowingthreequestions:

（1）Whatisthepurposetoanalyzethisstudy?

（2）WhatcausesthedifferencesofpolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChinese?

（3）Whatshouldwelearnduringthisstudy?

1.3Organizationofthepaper

Thispaperisdividedintofivechapters.Chapteroneservesasanoverallintroductiontotherationaleandaimofthestudy.Chaptertworeviewsthedefinitionsofpolitenessthathavebeenproposedbyscholarsathomeandabroad.Chapterthreeanalyzesthedifferencesinaddressing,greeting,inviting,andapologizingandthankingbycomparison.Chapterfouranalyzesthespecificculturalassumptions,andputforwardsuggestionsonhowtoimprovethecross-culturalcommunication.ChapterfiveisdevotedtotheconclusioninwhichwefindoutthedifferencesofpolitelanguagebetweenEnglishandChineseinordertoimprovethecross-culturalcommunication.

2.LiteratureReview

Politeness,inaninteraction,canthenbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherpeople’sface.（GeorgeYule,2004,10:

60）

Intheearly50s,theAmericanscholarE.Goftmanhadputforwardthe“facebehaviortheory”intermsofsociology.BrownandLevinson（1978）viewpolitenessas“acomplexsystemforsofteningface-threateningacts.”OnthebasisofthetheoryofEGoftman’s,in1978,BrownandLevinsonhaveputforwardthemature“facebehaviortheory”intheirbook‘UniversalsinLanguageusagepolitenessphenomena’.Andtheytriedtoregard“facebehaviortheory”asacommonlinguisticphenomenontostudy.

Asfaras1702,Theophrastusdefinedpolitenessas“asocialbehavior;

askilltobeusedtoachieveaspecificaim,theprincipalaimisenhancementofego’sself-esteemandhis/herpublicstatusinhereyesofotherswithsupplementaryaimofenhancingothers’self-esteem.（Watts,1992）

AccordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish（1980）,politenessmeanstheattempttoestablish,maintainandsavefaceduringconversation.

Lakoff（1973）holdstheviewthatpolitenessisadeviceusedinordertoreducefrictioninpersonalinteraction.

Leech（1983）interpretspolitenessasformofbehavioraimedattheestablishmentandmaintenanceofcomity,i.e.,theabilityofParticipantsinasocio-communicativeinteractiontoengageininteractioninanatmosphereofrelativeharmony.Furthermore,Leechputforwardsixpolitenessprinciplestorestrictinterpersonalcommunication.ThefirstoneisTactMaxim（得体准则）:

（a）Minimizecosttoother（尽量少让别人吃亏）,（b）Maximizebenefittoother（尽量多使别人受益）.ThesecondoneisGenerosityMaxim（慷慨准则）：

（a）Minimizebenefittoself（尽量少让自己受益），（b）Maximizecosttoself（尽量多使自己吃亏）.ThethirdoneisApprobationMaxim（赞誉准则）：

（a）Minimizedispraiseofother（尽量少贬低别人）；

（b）Maximizepraiseofother（尽量多赞誉别人）.ThefourthoneisModestyMaxim（谦虚准则）:

（a）Minimizepraiseofself（尽量少赞誉自己）；

（b）Maximizedispraiseofself（尽量多贬低自己）.ThefifthoneisAgreementMaxim（一致准则）：

（a）Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother（尽量减少双方的分歧）；

（b）Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother（尽量增加双方的一致）.ThelastoneisSympathyMaxim（同情准则）：

（a）Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother（尽量减少双方的反感）；

（b）Maximizesympathybetweenselfandother（尽量增加双方的同情）.（Leech,1983）

Grundy（1995）considerpolitenessas“thetermweusetoextenttowhichactions,thewaythingsaresaid,matchaddresseesperceptionsofhowtheyshouldbeperformed.”

Kasper（1990）viewthat“Politenessisthereforeatermtorefertothestrategiesavailabletointeractionstodefusethedangerandtominimizetheantagonism.”

House（2001）sayspolitenessisasocio-culturalphenomenon,roughlytobedefinedasshowing,orappearingtoshow,considerationtoother.

InChina,theconceptofpolitenesscanbetracedbackofthenotionto礼（rite）.ItreferstothesocialhierarchyandorderoftheslavesocietyoftheZhouDynasty（He,1995）.Twoorthreehundredslater,thenotionof礼gainedthemeaningofpoliteness.In《礼记》（theBookofRites）,whichisoneofthesixConfucianclassiccompliedbyDaiSheng（辞海，1979）,theclassicalnotionof礼wasdescriedas“tohumbleyourselfbutshowrespecttoother.”ProfessorGu（1990）fromBeijingInternationalStudiesUniversityputsitthattherearebasicallyfournotionsunderlyingtheconceptionof礼貌.Therearerespectfulness,whichreferstoself’spositiveappreciationoradmirationofotherconcerningface,socialstatusandsoon;

modesty,whichisawaytoshowself-denigration;

attitudinalwarmth,whichinvolvesself’sdemonstrationofkindness,considerationandhospitalitytoother;

andrefinement,whichreferstoself’sbehaviortootherwhichmeetscertainstandards.ThesearethekeycomponentsofChineseconceptofpoliteness.

3.AComparativeStudyofPoliteLanguagebetweenEnglishandChinese

3.1Addressingform

3.1.1Differentaddressingformsinrelations

Accordingtomoderndictionary,termsofaddressexplainlikethis:

Termofaddressisthetitletellingtheinterrelationbetweenoneandtheother,aswellasrepresenttheother’sstatusorcareer.

Fromancienttimestopresent,ChinesehavepaidmuchattentiontoaddressingotherduetoChinaisacountrywithlonghistory,andtheyrespecttheeldersverymuch.InChinese,thejuniorshouldn’taddresstheeldersbytheirnamedirectlybutusetherelativeaddresses,suchas“爷爷”（grandpa）,“奶奶”（grandma）,“爸爸”（dad）,“妈妈”（mum）,andsoon.Amongthepeers,theyoungershouldnotcalltheeldersbytheirfullnamedirectlybutaddressthembyusingtherelativeaddresses,suchas“大哥”（elderbrother）,“大姐”（eldersister）,whiletheeldercancalltheyoungerbytheirnamedirectly.

ComparedwithChinese,termsofaddressinginEnglisharemuchsimpler.Theyaddressalltheirfather’sandmother’sbrother“uncle”,alltheirfather’sandmother’ssister“aunt”andcallalltheirpeers“cousin”.However,inChinese,itisverycomplex.Suchas“舅舅”（mother’sbrother）;

“伯父”（father’selderbrother）;

“叔父”（father’syoungerbrother）;

“姨父”（husbandofmother’ssister）;

“姑父”（husbandoffather’ssister）;

“姨妈”（mother’smarriedsister）;

“姑妈”（father’smarriedsister）;

“堂兄弟”（sonsoffather’sbrother）“堂姐妹”（daughtersoffather’sbrother）“表兄弟”（sonsoffather’ssisterorofmother’ssisterorbrother）“表姐妹”（daughtersoffather’ssisterorofmother’ssisterorbrother）.InEnglish,theycancalltheirnamesamongpeers,evenbetweentheirparents.Itisquitediffer