博士研究生入学英语考试翻译写作讲义Word文件下载.docx

1、根据需要来增减词。 5）词类转译：某些词的词性会产生变换，比如将英文中的介词转译成动词。3、基本的翻译步骤（一）理解原文 理解原文就是吃透原文，理解原文的真正含义及其所包含的外延。分析其相关内容，如原文有没有褒贬，对其中的修饰语的分寸如何把握等等，还要理解上下文及其关系。（二）正确表达 正确表达是在充分理解原文的基础上进行的，就是译者把自已对原文所理解的内容用准确、通顺、符合英语表达习惯的英文重新再现出来。表达的好坏主要取决于对原文理解的深度以及对英文的掌握程度和熟练程度。在翻译时，要根据上下文及内在的逻辑关系，选择适当的句子结构及词汇。（三）核校译文在翻译完之后，要对照原文，对译文作核实、校

2、对，看看译文是否符合上述翻译的基本原则；在人名、地名、日期、方位、数字方面的否有错漏；译文的段、句或重要的词是否有错漏；是否有译错的或不妥的句子、词组或词；译文的句子结构、时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等是否正确。力求方方面面都注意到这样才能得到满意的译文，也就能够得高分。（二）、英汉两种语言的表达差异：1英语重结构，汉语重语意It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social scie

3、nce historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.直译：它同样适用于将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。调整后的译文：它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家（或前者）将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家（或后者）把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。2.英语多长句，汉语多短句 For example, they do not compensate for gross social i

4、nequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如，它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人会有多大才干，如果他在叫好的环境中长大。3.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work i

5、n general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.“There is no agreement ”不能简单地译为 “没有人同意”，“没有哪个赞同意见”等。应译为：方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域或适用的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。4.英语多被动，汉语多主动And it is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can by no means b

6、e compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. 5.英语多代词，汉语多名词And it is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training许多人认为：普通人的思

7、维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们并认为这些（科学家）的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。其中的they译成了名词“。的思维过程”6.英语多引申，汉语多推理While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

8、recreate译成了啊“再现”尽管关于历史的定义和历史学家几乎一样多，现代实践最符合这一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。其中one译成了名词“定义”。7.英语多变化，汉语多重复viewas; equatewith; 都是指“认为或把。看作”It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their a

9、ctivity with specific techniques.8.英语多抽象，汉语多具体Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.译为：宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学

10、中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，七八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。例如：1.Its not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suitable to his interests and abilities.2.He was admitted to the Party when he was at university.3.Little does he care whether his parents live or die.4.The issue related

11、to the recent drop in the stock market will be discussed in this conference. 5.Its essential that every child should have the same opportunity to have education6.Great efforts should be made to inform young people of the dreadful consequences of taking up smoking.7.A violent earthquake broke out in

12、Los Angeles in 1994, causing 60 deaths.He had made various attempts to solve the problem without success. （三）、特殊句型的翻译方法1.Its said that 据说Its reported that 据报道Its universally accepted that 人们普遍认为It has been proved that 已经证明Its predicted/estimated that 据预计估计It must be admitted that 必须承认的是It cannot be

13、denied that 无可否认的是观摩及翻译练习：1市场营销 The traditional market is a place where buyers and sellers meet in order to do business with one another. Most of our towns have market squares where buying and selling takes place in a manner which has changed little for centuries. In the modern world, however, a mar

14、ket is an arrangement which allows buyers and sellers to make effective contact with one another so that prices can be established and exchange transactions can take place. Buyers and sellers do not have to meet face to face; the telephone network can provide an efficient link between them and so ca

15、n the small ads columnsin the local newspaper. In the foreign exchange market, dealers are separated, often by thousands of miles. Yet telecommunications networks keep them in constant touch with one another and they can do business just as effectively as if they were in the same room. 难点提示： 交易 小型广告

16、栏 不断保持联系 参考译文： 传统的市场是买主和卖主接头进行买卖活动的地方。我们大多数的城镇都有集市，在那里买卖进行的方式几百年来几乎没有什么变化。然而在现代世界里，市场的安排使得买主和卖主能够彼此有效地交流，从而确定价格进行交易。买主和卖主不必碰面，电话网络可以提供他们之间有效的联系，地方报纸上的“小型广告”栏也可以提供这种便利。在外贸市场上，商人们你东我西，常常远隔千里。但是电信网络使他们不断保持联系，他们可以像在同一间屋子里一样有效地进行交易。2环境 National ecologicalsecurity refers to the sustainabilityof the ecolog

17、ical environment for one countrys existence and development. In comparison with military, political and economic security, ecological security has a wider influence on the common people living in a country. Once its ecological environment is destroyed, the future survival of the whole nation, especi

18、ally the poor, will be horribly undermined, and it will be extremely difficult for a generation, or even tens of generations to reclaimthe environment once ecological deterioration goes beyond a certain threshold. Although protection of the environment has long been a matter of basic state policy fo

19、r the Chinese government, it is an undeniable fact that, on the whole, efforts to improve the environment have largely failed to match destructive forces working against them. The whole country should contribute to comprehensive ecological improvement in the coming half century. 生态的 可持续性，可维持性 矫正，修复

20、界限，限度 国家生态稳定指的是一个国家赖以生存和发展的生态环境的可持续性。比起军事、政治和经济的稳定，生态稳定对于生活在一个国家的普通人民有着更广泛的影响。一旦生态环境遭到了破坏，整个国家，尤其是穷人将来的生存将会受到极大的损害，而且一旦生志恶化超过一定限度，那么一代人，甚至几十代人要重新修复环境都是极为困难的一件事。尽管保护环境一直是中国政府制定的一项基本国策，然而一个不可否认的事实是，总的来说，改善环境的种种努力很大程度上未能抵抗破坏环境的力量。在下半个世纪举国上下都应该为综合改善生态而做出贡献。3 互联网 The Internet itself is only ah instrument

21、 that traditional industries employ to readjust themselves for further development. For this reason, it must interact with traditional industries. It will be meaningless to ta1k about the change brought about by the Internet Without setting it in the context of the traditional economy. It is true th

22、at the Internet can provide a new business mode, but in the end it is only a production tool. A self-enclosed Intend cannot generate production by itself. Once it is utilized by the traditional industries, the Internet will be a great benefit. It Will facilitate improvements in technology, productio

23、n, marketing, management and service provision, thus improving operational efficiency in traditional enterprises. 在背景下 自我封闭的 互联网本身只是一种工具而已，传统行业用它来调整自身以求得进一步发展。出于这个原因，它必须和传统行业互相作用。不把互联网放在传统经济的背景下而谈论它所带来的变化是毫无意义的。 的确，互联网能够提供一种新的商业模式，但最终它只不过是一种生产工具。一个自我封闭的互联网本身无法带动生产。一旦被传统行业所利用，它便会是一个极为有益的东西。它会促进技术、生产、

24、市场营销、管理和服务供应的完善，从而提高传统企业的运作效率。 4经济 In the new century, the trend towards economic globalization has grown stronger. The New Economy has developed at an extraordinary speed. There is no denying that economic globalization has triggered more fierce market competition worldwide. As major players in eco

25、nomic activities and technological innovation, enterprises are obviously under pressure from competition. However, a wider range of competition implies a wider range of cooperation at the same time. We stand for cooperation amidst competition, commondeve1opment through cooperation and economic prosp

26、erity from commondeve1opment, which Will eventually lead to a better 1if e for al1 people together. 激发，引起 在之中 在新世纪，经济全球化的趋势愈演愈烈。新经济以异常迅猛的速度发展起来。不可否认，经济全球化引起了世界范围内更加激烈的市场竞争。作为经济活动和技术创新的主要参与者，企业显然承受了来自竞争的压力。然而，越来越广泛的竞争同时意味着越来越广泛的合作。我们主张在竞争中求合作，通过合作实现共同发展，通过共同发展实现经济繁荣，最终使全体人民一同过上更好的生活。5广告 Advertising u

27、ses a variety of media to make the demand for the product more steady. It attempts to develop an intense brand loyalty to a particular product by convincing consumers that the competing goods are not close substitutes. There is a widely held view that advertising is simply an additional cost of prod

28、uction and must, therefore, have the effect of keeping prices higher than they would be if the products were not advertised. The supporters of advertising reply that advertising can reduce average costs of production because it can lead to increased sales which enable producers to produce on a large

29、r scale. 忠诚于，忠心于 只有细微差别的 替代品 广告运用各种各样的媒体手段使人们对于某种产品的需求更加稳定。广告试图培养人们对某种品牌产品的强烈的忠心，方法是使消费者相信与之竞争的产品根本无法替代它。 有一种普遍的看法，认为广告只不过是生产的额外开支，所以其结果必定导致价格比本做广告时来得高。主张广告的人士则认为，广告能够减少平均的生产成本，因为它能增加销量，从而使得生产商以更大的规模进行生产。6运动With a 1and area of 80 hectares and a total building floor area of 470,000square meters, the

30、Olympic Village, located within the Olympic Green, will accommodate 17,600 athletes and team officials. A 760-hectare Forest Park will also be created within the Olympic Village. Fourteen venues will be used to hold l5 sporting events within the Olympic Green. These venues are in walking distance fr

31、om the Olympic Village. All other Olympic venues in Beijing will be less than a 30-minute drive from the Village.The Olympic Village will provide safe and comfortable facilities to help athletes achieve their peak performance during the Games. The Residential Quarter located in the western part of the Village consists of apartment buildings, dining halls, and other facilities. The Internatio