美国文学选读复习资料Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、 moral enthusiasmlue of individualism and intuitive perception , and a presumption that the natural world, faith in va was a source of goodness and manssocieties as a source of corruption.二、 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加 爱伦 坡-poet, short story writer and literary critic （48 poems,70 short stories）He greatly i

2、nfluenced the devotees of“Artfor artssake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism （心理分析批评）, and the detective story.诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是 恐怖 和死亡，其中还运用了 象征手法 。The Poetic Principle :1. The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting;2. Beauty （the rhythmical creation of beauty）;3. Melancholy 忧伤 （es

3、pecially the death of a beautiful woman）.代表作： The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍大厦的倒塌Ligeia 莉盖亚Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔 李The Raven 乌鸦The Cask of Amontillado 阿芒提拉多的酒桶 -gothic novel人物：蒙特利瑟 Montresor, 弗图纳多 Fortunato ，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。三爱默生Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England TranscendentalismHe

4、was a descendent （后裔） of a long line of New England clergymen超验主义牧师【pastor】 .散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。American TranscendentalismAs a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism （also known as“American Renaissance ” ） flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil Warthe high ti

5、de of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocatesin Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against thematerialism of American society. It isTranscendentalism 超验主义 （+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; ）The major features of

6、 Transcendentalism: The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most importantthing in the universe . 思想 超灵 宇宙 The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individualis the most important element of Society . 个体 + 社会 The Transcendentali

7、sts offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit orGod . Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God ing presence. s 自overwhelm然+上帝Nature论自然-the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson；Self-Reliance 论自助 - 是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一一 The American Scholar 论美国学者 ；The Over-soul论

8、超灵四、 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑- effected byHe was born into a prominent Puritan family.One of the most ambivalent （矛盾的） writers in the American literary history.主要成就： 美国心理分析小说的开创者 Mosses from an Old Manse浪漫主义小说家古宅青苔 ;心理小说家Twice-Told Tales故事重述 ;The Marble Faun玉石雕像 ;The House of the Seven Gables带有七个尖角

9、阁的房子The Scarlet Letter红字Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter.Theme:Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.The Scarlet Letter 红字 ：Hester Prynne-strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, ma

10、ternal figure; Pearl-innocent, perceptive;Roger Chillingworth-a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story; Arthur Dimmesdale-intelligent and emotional.Symbolism in his worksHawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American litera

11、ture in a revivified form. In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as thebiggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be o

12、ne of the best symbolists.五、 Herman Melville 赫尔曼 梅尔维尔The early sailing experiences were rewarding. White Jacket 白外衣Billy Budd 毕利 伯德 ,Typee 泰比 ,Omoo 欧穆 ,Mardi 玛地 .Moby Dick 1851 白鲸 - 百科全书式性质 / 海洋作品 / 动物史诗（ 熊 福克纳、 老人与海 海明威、白鲸梅尔维尔） Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville sbleak view of the world

13、in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless . Man in thisuniverse lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile.Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly. Moby Dick thu

14、sreveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life: loneliness and suicidalindividualism in a self-styled democracy .（a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism）Symbolism in Moby Dick ：-It is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure,consider

15、ing that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind inquest of the truth 寻找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into mansdeep reality and psychology.-Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different socia

16、land ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod isthe microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale,Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable 难以理解的 ,malignant性的 , and beautiful as w

17、ell. 恶六H. D. Thoreau梭罗and his workWalden 瓦尔登湖and tests Thoreaunot only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops s own transcendental philosophy.七Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗Fea tures of Longfellows poetic works1） lChief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude, lov

18、e of nature and love of beauty.2） lThe first American poet to write narrative poems.3） lConventional style and subjects4） lGenerally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully.5） lSimplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary life19 世纪美国最伟大的 浪漫主义诗人 之一。 传统派，励志型。诗集：夜吟Voices of

19、the Night歌谣及其他Ballads and Other Poems伊凡杰琳 Evangeline海依华沙之歌 The Song of Hiawatha诗歌：我射出一支箭I Shot an Arrow.A Psalm of Life生命颂/ 人生颂- 第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌八、 Walt Whitman沃尔特惠特曼美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（ Free Verse-without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.），The first edition of Leaves of Grass 草叶集 was publi

20、shed in 1855.In this giant work, openness, freedom , and above all, individualismare all thatconcerned him.Writing features of Whitman-A singer for the ideals of equality, democracy and human dignity.-Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, the independen ce of

21、 the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln. -Free verse,rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.我歌唱自我 Ones Self I Sing噢，船长！ 我的船长！ O Captain! My Captain!九、 Emily Dickinson （ 19 世纪唯一出名的女作家）-I Died for Beauty, because I could not stop for Death.美国女诗人， 狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，

22、对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了 20 世纪诗歌的诞生。宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）Whitman: societyDickinson: inner life of the individualMost of her poems are about death and immortality. Nature is to her both benevolent and cruel.Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.Most

23、 of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.要描绘一片草原 To Make a Prairie最美妙的胜利感觉 Success Is Counted Sweetest我是无名之辈 Im Nobody!The Age of Realism The war led many to question the assumptions shared by the transcendentalists - natural goodnes

24、s, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God. It taught men that life was not good, man was not and God was not.As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the CivilWar It was a reaction against “ thelie of”Romanticism and sentimentalism, and pav

25、ed the way toModernism. This literary interest in the so-called “ reality of life”started a new period in theAmerican literary writing known as The Age of Realism. The three dominant figures of the period:William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry JamesJames wrote mostly of the upper reaches of America

26、n society.Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “ life of ”theAmericans , and Henry James had apparently laid greater emphasis on the “ innerworld ”of man.十、 Mark Twain 马克吐温Writing: humor and local colorismThe characteristics of local colorism:-Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particularcon