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moralenthusiasm
lueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworld
faithinvawasasourc
eofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.
二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·
爱伦·
坡
---poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic（48poems,70shortstories）
Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof
“
Artforart
’ssake.
”
Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism（
心理分析批评
）,andthedetectivestory.
诗歌的精髓就是
追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
ThePoeticPrinciple:
1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;
2.Beauty（therhythmicalcreationofbeauty）;
3.Melancholy忧伤（especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman）.
代表作：
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia《莉盖亚》
AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·
李》
TheRaven《乌鸦》
TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothicnovel
人物：
蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活
埋的故事。
三．爱默生
Emerson=ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism
Hewasadescendent（后裔）ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen
超验主义
牧师【
pastor
】.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
AmericanTranscendentalism
Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism（alsoknownas
“AmericanRenaissance”）flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar
thehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocates
inEmersonandThoreau.Transcendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthe
materialismofAmericansociety.
.Itis
Transcendentalism超验主义（+H.D.Thoreau;
NathanielHawthorne;
）
ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:
①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportant
thingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙
②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividual
isthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会
③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritor
God.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGodingpresence’.s自overwhelm然+
上帝
Nature
《论自然》
---theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson
；
Self-Reliance《论自助》---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一
一TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》；
TheOver-soul
《论超灵》
四、NathanielHawthorne
纳撒尼尔·
霍桑
---effectedby
HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.
Oneofthemostambivalent（矛盾的）writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.
主要成就：
美国心理分析小说的开创者
MossesfromanOldManse
浪漫主义小说家
《古宅青苔》;
心理小说家
Twice-ToldTales
《故事重述》;
TheMarbleFaun
《玉石雕像》;
TheHouseoftheSevenGables
《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
TheScarletLetter
《红字》
ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.
Theme:
Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandt
ruefeelings.
TheScarletLetter《红字》：
HesterPrynne---strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;
Pearl---innocent,perceptive;
RogerChillingworth---amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;
ArthurDimmesdale---intelligentandemotional.
[Symbolisminhisworks
Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统
andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthe
biggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebest]
symbolists.
五、HermanMelville赫尔曼·
梅尔维尔
Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.
WhiteJacket《白外衣》
BillyBudd《毕利·
伯德》,
Typee《泰比》,
Omoo《欧穆》,
Mardi《玛地》.
MobyDick1851《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（《熊》福克纳、《老
人与海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔）
[MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworld
inwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthis
universelivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.
Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthus
revealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:
lonelinessandsuicidal
individualisminaself-styleddemocracy.
（anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism）
SymbolisminMobyDick：
---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,
consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindin
questofthetruth寻找真理
andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.
---Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocial
andethnicgroups;
factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;
thePequodis
themicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,
MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant
性的,andbeautifulaswell.]
恶
六．
H.D.Thoreau
梭罗
andhiswork
Walden瓦尔登湖
andtestsThoreau
notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelops’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.
七．
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
朗费罗
FeaturesofLongfellow
’
spoeticworks
1）lChiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.
2）lThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.
3）lConventionalstyleandsubjects
4）lGenerallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.
5）lSimplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。
传统派，励志型。
诗集：
《夜吟》
VoicesoftheNight
《歌谣及其他》
BalladsandOtherPoems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha
诗歌：
《我射出一支箭·
·
》
IShotanArrow...
APsalmofLife
《生命颂
/人生颂》
---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌
八、WaltWhitman
沃尔特·
惠特曼
美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的
自由体
（FreeVerse---withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.
），
ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草叶集》waspublishedin1855.
Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualism
areallthat
concernedhim.
WritingfeaturesofWhitman
---Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.
---Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.---Freeverse,
rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.
《我歌唱自我》One'
sSelfISing
《噢，船长！
我的船长！
》OCaptain!
MyCaptain!
九、EmilyDickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）
---IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.
美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。
宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点
）
Whitman:
society
Dickinson:
innerlifeoftheindividual
Mostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.
EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.
Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;
manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.
《要描绘一片草原·
》ToMakeaPrairie
《最美妙的胜利感觉》SuccessIsCountedSweetest
《我是无名之辈》I'
mNobody!
TheAgeofRealism
[Thewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists----naturalgood
ness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.
Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivil
WarItwasareactionagainst“thelieof”Romanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewayto
Modernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“realityoflife”startedanewperiodinthe
AmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.]
Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:
WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJames
JameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.
Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.
Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.
MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“lifeof”the
Americans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”
ofman.
十、MarkTwain马克·
吐温
Writing:
humorandlocalcolorism
Thecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:
---Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticular
con
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