专业英语文章.docx

1、专业英语文章一、实验室培养鉴别微生物Millions of microbial species populate the world, but so far only a few have been identified due to the inability of most microbes to grow in the laboratory. Edgar Goluch, an engineer, and Slava Epstein, a biologist, aim to change this. The pair, both researchers at Northeastern Un

2、iversity, has developed a device that allows scientists to cultivate a single species of bacteria that can then be studied and identified. Goluchs previous research devices incorporated permeable（有渗透性的） membranes1 that allow sequestered2 bacteria to be exposed to the nutrients3 and molecules4 of the

3、ir native environment. But natural competition between species, even in the wild, has so far limited the number of species of bacteria that biologists have been able to isolate5 with these methods and in traditional lab settings. Goluch and Epsteins device, detailed6 in a paper released July 1 in th

4、e journal PLOS ONE, solves this problem. This new device permits just a single bacterial7 cell to enter an inner chamber8 containing a food source, to which the only access is a microscopic9 passageway just slightly narrower than a single cell. The passageway is so small that the first cell to enter

5、 it gets stuck, blocking entry by any other cell or species. Once inside, this cell pro-liferates as in previous devices, and when it does it fills up the inner chamber with a pure, single-species sample, since it is isolated10 from competition from other species. In the paper, the team demonstrates

6、 the devices ability to separate mixtures of cell types in a laboratory setting. In one experiment, the researchers separated two different bacterial species whose cells are slightly different sizes - E. coli and P. aueruginosa. In a second experiment, they isolated a combination of similarly sized

7、but differently shaped species that commonly show up together in the marine11 environment - Roseobacter sp. and Pscyhoserpens sp. Finally, they used the device to separate cells of the same species that had been differentially tagged to glow either red or green. This final experiment validates12 the

8、 hypothesis that the cells grown inside the food chamber are daughters of the single cell caught in the entryway. Epstein will test the devices in the biological setting beginning this month during a research trip to Greenland. Going forward, funding from an Instrument Development Biological Researc

9、h Grant from the National Science Foundation will enable Goluch and his team of engineers to begin optimizing13 the device and its manufacture on a larger scale. 1 membranes n.（动物或植物体内的）薄膜( membrane的名词复数 )；隔膜；（可起防水、防风等作用的）膜状物参考例句：The waste material is placed in cells with permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗

10、透膜的槽中。 The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。 2 sequestered adj.扣押的；隐退的；幽静的；偏僻的v.使隔绝，使隔离( sequester的过去式和过去分词 )；扣押参考例句：The jury is expected to be sequestered for at least two months. 陪审团渴望被隔离至少两个月。 Everything he owned was sequestered. 他的一切都被扣押了。 3 nutrients n.

11、（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )参考例句：a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自简明英汉词典4 molecules 分子( molecule的名词复数 )参考例句：The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。Inside the reactor the large molecules a

12、re cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。5 isolate vt.使孤立，隔离参考例句：Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。6 detailed adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的参考例句：He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。A detailed list of our p

13、ublications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。 8 chamber n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所参考例句：For many,the dentists surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说，牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。9 microscopic adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的参考例句：Its impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清

14、他那极小的书写字迹。A plants lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。10 isolated adj.与世隔绝的参考例句：His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。12 validates v.证实( validate的第三人称单数 )；确证；使生效；使有法律效力参考例句：Other research val

15、idates that when it comes to chocolate, type does matter. 其他的研究也证实了不同种类的巧克力确实功效不同。Trouble shoots equipment, review and validates data and complete reports. 管理错误描述设备，审查并确认试验数据，完成试验报告。 13 optimizing v.使最优化，使尽可能有效( optimize的现在分词 )；最佳化；寻优参考例句：This model may be classified as either an optimizing model or

16、 simulation model. 这个模型可分为最佳化模型或模拟模型。 Need to design crossover operator rationally while optimizing ANN. 优化网络需要合理设计交叉算子。二、海洋微生物具有独立的日常代谢系统Imagine the open ocean as a microbial megacity（大城市）, teeming1 with（富于，充满） life too small to be seen. In every drop of water, hundreds of types of bacteria can be

17、found. Now scientists have discovered that communities of these ocean microbes have their own daily cycles - not unlike the residents of a bustling2 city who tend to wake up, commute3, work, and eat at the same times. Whats more, its not all about the sun. Light-loving photoautotrophs（光合自养生物） - bact

18、eria that need solar energy to help them photosynthesize food from inorganic4 substances - have been known to sun themselves on a regular schedule. But in a new study published in the July 11 issue of the journal Science, researchers working at Station ALOHA, a deep ocean study site 100 km north of

19、Oahu, observed different species of free-living, heterotrophic bacteria turning on diel（一昼夜的） cycling genes6 at slightly different times - suggesting a wave of transcriptional activity that passes through the microbial community each day. I like to say they are singing in harmony, said Edward F. DeL

20、ong, professor of Oceanography at University of Hawaii at Manoa and the head of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology team that made this discovery. For any given species, the gene5 transcripts7 for specific metabolic8 pathways turn on at the same time each day, which suggests a sort of temporal

21、 compartmentalization, said DeLong, who was the first scientist to be hired by the University under the auspices9 of（由赞助） the Hawaii Innovation Initiative. Its a biologically and biogeochemically relevant new result. The observations were made possible by advanced microbial community RNA sequencing

22、techniques, which allow for whole-genome profiling of multiple species at once. The work was a collaboration10 between the Monterey Bay Aquarium11 Research Institute and DeLongs team, who together employed a free-drifting robotic Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) as part of a Center for Microbial

23、 Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE) research cruise at Station ALOHA. Riding the same ocean currents as the microbes it follows, the ESP is uniquely equipped to harvest the samples needed for this high-frequency, time-resolved analysis of microbial community dynamics12. What scientists sa

24、w was intriguing13: different species of bacteria expressing different types of genes in different, but consistent, cycles - turning on, for example, the type of restorative genes needed to rebuild their solar-collecting powers at night, then ramping14 up with different gene activity to build new pr

25、oteins during the day. The regularity15 and timing16 of individual microbial activities is somewhat like a new shift of hourly workers punching in and out of the clock, day after day, DeLong said. The coordinated17 timing of gene firing across different species of ocean microbes could have important

26、 implications for energy transformation18 in the sea. Marine19 microbes are critically linked to ocean health and productivity. The mechanisms20 that regulate this periodicity（周期性，频率） remain to be determined21.1 teeming adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注参考例句：The rain was teeming down. 大雨倾盆而下

27、。the teeming streets of the city 熙熙攘攘的城市街道2 bustling adj.喧闹的参考例句：The market was bustling with life. 市场上生机勃勃。This district is getting more and more prosperous and bustling. 这一带越来越繁华了。3 commute vi.乘车上下班；vt.减(刑)；折合；n.上下班交通参考例句：I spend much less time on my commute to work now.我现在工作的往返时间要节省好多。Most office

28、 workers commute from the suburbs.很多公司的职员都是从郊外来上班的。4 inorganic adj.无生物的；无机的参考例句：The fundamentals of inorganic chemistry are very important.无机化学的基础很重要。This chemical plant recently bought a large quantity of inorganic salt.这家化工厂又买进了大量的无机盐。5 gene n.遗传因子，基因参考例句：A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能

29、具有很多种效应。The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。6 genes n.基因( gene的名词复数 )参考例句：You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 7

30、transcripts n.抄本（ transcript的名词复数 ）；转写本；文字本；副本参考例句：Like mRNA, both tRNA and rRNA are transcripts of chromosomal DNA. tRNA及rRNA同mRNA一样，都是染色体DNA的转录产物。You cant take the transfer studentsexam without your transcripts. 没有成绩证明书，你就不能参加转学考试。 8 metabolic adj.新陈代谢的参考例句：Impressive metabolic alternations have b

31、een undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。9 auspices n.资助，赞助参考例句：The association is under the auspices of Word Bank.这个组织是在世界银行的赞助下办的。The examination was held under the auspices of the government.这次考试是由政府主办的。10

32、collaboration n.合作，协作；勾结参考例句：The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。11 aquarium n.水族馆，养鱼池，玻璃缸参考例句：The first time I saw seals was in an aquarium.我第一次看见海豹是在水族馆里。Im going to the aquarium with my parents this Sunday.这个星期天，我要和父母一起到水族馆去。12 dynamics n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态参考例句：In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利，你必须掌握很复杂的动