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专业英语文章
一、实验室培养鉴别微生物
Millionsofmicrobialspeciespopulatetheworld,butsofaronlyafewhavebeenidentifiedduetotheinabilityofmostmicrobestogrowinthelaboratory.EdgarGoluch,anengineer,andSlavaEpstein,abiologist,aimtochangethis.Thepair,bothresearchersatNortheasternUniversity,hasdevelopedadevicethatallowsscientiststocultivateasinglespeciesofbacteriathatcanthenbestudiedandidentified.Goluch'spreviousresearchdevicesincorporatedpermeable(有渗透性的)membranes1thatallowsequestered2bacteriatobeexposedtothenutrients3andmolecules4oftheirnativeenvironment.Butnaturalcompetitionbetweenspecies,eveninthewild,hassofarlimitedthenumberofspeciesofbacteriathatbiologistshavebeenabletoisolate5withthesemethodsandintraditionallabsettings.
GoluchandEpstein'sdevice,detailed6inapaperreleasedJuly1inthejournalPLOSONE,solvesthisproblem.Thisnewdevicepermitsjustasinglebacterial7celltoenteraninnerchamber8containingafoodsource,towhichtheonlyaccessisamicroscopic9passagewayjustslightlynarrowerthanasinglecell.Thepassagewayissosmallthatthefirstcelltoenteritgetsstuck,blockingentrybyanyothercellorspecies.Onceinside,thiscellpro-liferatesasinpreviousdevices,andwhenitdoesitfillsuptheinnerchamberwithapure,single-speciessample,sinceitisisolated10fromcompetitionfromotherspecies.
Inthepaper,theteamdemonstratesthedevice'sabilitytoseparatemixturesofcelltypesinalaboratorysetting.Inoneexperiment,theresearchersseparatedtwodifferentbacterialspecieswhosecellsareslightlydifferentsizes--E.coliandP.aueruginosa.Inasecondexperiment,theyisolatedacombinationofsimilarlysizedbutdifferentlyshapedspeciesthatcommonlyshowuptogetherinthemarine11environment--Roseobactersp.andPscyhoserpenssp.Finally,theyusedthedevicetoseparatecellsofthesamespeciesthathadbeendifferentiallytaggedtogloweitherredorgreen.Thisfinalexperimentvalidates12thehypothesisthatthecellsgrowninsidethefoodchamberaredaughtersofthesinglecellcaughtintheentryway.EpsteinwilltestthedevicesinthebiologicalsettingbeginningthismonthduringaresearchtriptoGreenland.
Goingforward,fundingfromanInstrumentDevelopmentBiologicalResearchGrantfromtheNationalScienceFoundationwillenableGoluchandhisteamofengineerstobeginoptimizing13thedeviceanditsmanufactureonalargerscale.
1membranesn.(动物或植物体内的)薄膜(membrane的名词复数);隔膜;(可起防水、防风等作用的)膜状物
参考例句:
Thewastematerialisplacedincellswithpermeablemembranes.废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。
Thesarcoplasmicreticulumisasystemofintracellularmembranes.肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。
2sequesteredadj.扣押的;隐退的;幽静的;偏僻的v.使隔绝,使隔离(sequester的过去式和过去分词);扣押
参考例句:
Thejuryisexpectedtobesequesteredforatleasttwomonths.陪审团渴望被隔离至少两个月。
Everythingheownedwassequestered.他的一切都被扣押了。
3nutrientsn.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品(nutrient的名词复数)
参考例句:
alackofessentialnutrients基本营养的缺乏
Nutrientsareabsorbedintothebloodstream.营养素被吸收进血液。
来自《简明英汉词典》
4molecules分子(molecule的名词复数)
参考例句:
Thestructureofmoleculescanbeseenunderanelectronmicroscope.分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
Insidethereactorthelargemoleculesarecrackedintosmallermolecules.在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
5isolatevt.使孤立,隔离
参考例句:
Donotisolateyourselffromothers.不要把自己孤立起来。
Weshouldneverisolateourselvesfromthemasses.我们永远不能脱离群众。
6detailedadj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
参考例句:
Hehadmadeadetailedstudyoftheterrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
Adetailedlistofourpublicationsisavailableonrequest.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
8chambern.房间,寝室;会议厅;议院;会所
参考例句:
Formany,thedentist'ssurgeryremainsatorturechamber.对许多人来说,牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。
Thechamberwasablazewithlight.会议厅里灯火辉煌。
9microscopicadj.微小的,细微的,极小的,显微的
参考例句:
It'simpossibletoreadhismicroscopichandwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。
Aplant'slungsarethemicroscopicporesinitsleaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。
10isolatedadj.与世隔绝的
参考例句:
Hisbadbehaviourwasjustanisolatedincident.他的不良行为只是个别事件。
Patientswiththediseaseshouldbeisolated.这种病的患者应予以隔离。
12validatesv.证实(validate的第三人称单数);确证;使生效;使有法律效力
参考例句:
Otherresearchvalidatesthatwhenitcomestochocolate,typedoesmatter.其他的研究也证实了不同种类的巧克力确实功效不同。
Troubleshootsequipment,reviewandvalidatesdataandcompletereports.管理错误描述设备,审查并确认试验数据,完成试验报告。
13optimizingv.使最优化,使尽可能有效(optimize的现在分词);最佳化;寻优
参考例句:
Thismodelmaybeclassifiedaseitheranoptimizingmodelorsimulationmodel.这个模型可分为最佳化模型或模拟模型。
NeedtodesigncrossoveroperatorrationallywhileoptimizingANN.优化网络需要合理设计交叉算子。
二、海洋微生物具有独立的日常代谢系统
Imaginetheopenoceanasamicrobialmegacity(大城市),teeming1with(富于,充满)lifetoosmalltobeseen.Ineverydropofwater,hundredsoftypesofbacteriacanbefound.Nowscientistshavediscoveredthatcommunitiesoftheseoceanmicrobeshavetheirowndailycycles--notunliketheresidentsofabustling2citywhotendtowakeup,commute3,work,andeatatthesametimes.What'smore,it'snotallaboutthesun.Light-lovingphotoautotrophs(光合自养生物)--bacteriathatneedsolarenergytohelpthemphotosynthesizefoodfrominorganic4substances--havebeenknowntosunthemselvesonaregularschedule.ButinanewstudypublishedintheJuly11issueofthejournalScience,researchersworkingatStationALOHA,adeepoceanstudysite100kmnorthofOahu,observeddifferentspeciesoffree-living,heterotrophicbacteriaturningondiel(一昼夜的)cyclinggenes6atslightlydifferenttimes--suggestingawaveoftranscriptionalactivitythatpassesthroughthemicrobialcommunityeachday.
"Iliketosaytheyaresinginginharmony,"saidEdwardF.DeLong,professorofOceanographyatUniversityofHawaiiatManoaandtheheadoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyteamthatmadethisdiscovery.
"Foranygivenspecies,thegene5transcripts7forspecificmetabolic8pathwaysturnonatthesametimeeachday,whichsuggestsasortoftemporalcompartmentalization,"saidDeLong,whowasthefirstscientisttobehiredbytheUniversityundertheauspices9of(由……赞助)theHawai'iInnovationInitiative."It'sabiologicallyandbiogeochemicallyrelevantnewresult."
TheobservationsweremadepossiblebyadvancedmicrobialcommunityRNAsequencingtechniques,whichallowforwhole-genomeprofilingofmultiplespeciesatonce.Theworkwasacollaboration10betweentheMontereyBayAquarium11ResearchInstituteandDeLong'steam,whotogetheremployedafree-driftingroboticEnvironmentalSampleProcessor(ESP)aspartofaCenterforMicrobialOceanography:
ResearchandEducation(C-MORE)researchcruiseatStationALOHA.Ridingthesameoceancurrentsasthemicrobesitfollows,theESPisuniquelyequippedtoharvestthesamplesneededforthishigh-frequency,time-resolvedanalysisofmicrobialcommunitydynamics12.
Whatscientistssawwasintriguing13:
differentspeciesofbacteriaexpressingdifferenttypesofgenesindifferent,butconsistent,cycles--turningon,forexample,thetypeofrestorativegenesneededtorebuildtheirsolar-collectingpowersatnight,thenramping14upwithdifferentgeneactivitytobuildnewproteinsduringtheday."Theregularity15andtiming16ofindividualmicrobialactivitiesissomewhatlikeanewshiftofhourlyworkerspunchinginandoutoftheclock,dayafterday,"DeLongsaid.
Thecoordinated17timingofgenefiringacrossdifferentspeciesofoceanmicrobescouldhaveimportantimplicationsforenergytransformation18inthesea.Marine19microbesarecriticallylinkedtooceanhealthandproductivity.Themechanisms20thatregulatethisperiodicity(周期性,频率)remaintobedetermined21.
1teemingadj.丰富的v.充满(teem的现在分词);到处都是;(指水、雨等)暴降;倾注
参考例句:
Therainwasteemingdown.大雨倾盆而下。
theteemingstreetsofthecity熙熙攘攘的城市街道
2bustlingadj.喧闹的
参考例句:
Themarketwasbustlingwithlife.市场上生机勃勃。
Thisdistrictisgettingmoreandmoreprosperousandbustling.这一带越来越繁华了。
3commutevi.乘车上下班;vt.减(刑);折合;n.上下班交通
参考例句:
Ispendmuchlesstimeonmycommutetoworknow.我现在工作的往返时间要节省好多。
Mostofficeworkerscommutefromthesuburbs.很多公司的职员都是从郊外来上班的。
4inorganicadj.无生物的;无机的
参考例句:
Thefundamentalsofinorganicchemistryareveryimportant.无机化学的基础很重要。
Thischemicalplantrecentlyboughtalargequantityofinorganicsalt.这家化工厂又买进了大量的无机盐。
5genen.遗传因子,基因
参考例句:
Asinglegenemayhavemanyeffects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
Thetargetingofgenetherapyhasbeenpaidcloseattention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
6genesn.基因(gene的名词复数)
参考例句:
Youhavegoodgenesfromyourparents,soyoushouldlivealongtime.你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。
Differenceswillhelptorevealthefunctionsofthegenes.它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。
7transcriptsn.抄本(transcript的名词复数);转写本;文字本;副本
参考例句:
LikemRNA,bothtRNAandrRNAaretranscriptsofchromosomalDNA.tRNA及rRNA同mRNA一样,都是染色体DNA的转录产物。
Youcan'ttakethetransferstudents'examwithoutyourtranscripts.没有成绩证明书,你就不能参加转学考试。
8metabolicadj.新陈代谢的
参考例句:
Impressivemetabolicalternationshavebeenundergoneduringembryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
Anumberofintoxicantsareassociatedwithmetabolicacidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。
9auspicesn.资助,赞助
参考例句:
TheassociationisundertheauspicesofWordBank.这个组织是在世界银行的赞助下办的。
Theexaminationwasheldundertheauspicesofthegovernment.这次考试是由政府主办的。
10collaborationn.合作,协作;勾结
参考例句:
Thetwocompaniesareworkinginclosecollaborationeachother.这两家公司密切合作。
Hewasshotforcollaborationwiththeenemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。
11aquariumn.水族馆,养鱼池,玻璃缸
参考例句:
ThefirsttimeIsawsealswasinanaquarium.我第一次看见海豹是在水族馆里。
I'mgoingtotheaquariumwithmyparentsthisSunday.这个星期天,我要和父母一起到水族馆去。
12dynamicsn.力学,动力学,动力,原动力;动态
参考例句:
Inordertosucceed,youmustmastercomplicatedknowledgeofdynamics.要取得胜利,你必须掌握很复杂的动