江大英语课文整理Word下载.docx

1、The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges. Since literature is the general term for printed materials, it should be further classified acc

2、ording to what a specific documentary work is.这个词使用这本教科书并不意味着文学的“文学”，而是“文献”或“文献资料”，具体指的是在该领域的国际工业企业和学术交流的各种单证。因为文学是印刷材料的总称，它应进一步分类，根据一个特定的纪实作品是什么。2. Classification of Literature 文学的分类1） Textbooks 教科书In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a giv

3、en branch of learning. Textbooks are compiled（编译） in a rigidly scientific, systematic and logical way. Comparatively, the content of a textbook is mature and well established.在一般情况下，一本教科书，是一种专为学生在学习的一个分支专业写作。教科书的编译（编译）在严格的科学性，系统性和逻辑的方式。相比较而言，一本教科书的内容是成熟和完善。2） Monographs（专著）A monograph is “an artide

4、or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply” The content of a monograph usually includes the history and present status of a particular subject, observed data, experimental methods and results, existing problems and the developing trend, various

5、viewpoints and discussions of different schools of thought, research achievements and further exploration, and so on. A monograph usually functions as an important guide for the reader to understand the particular study comprehensively and deeply.一本专着是“在一个特定的主题或分支的一个课题，笔者进行了深入研究”一本专着的内容通常包括特定对象的历史和现

6、状，观测到的数据，实验方法和结果artide或短的书，存在的问题及发展趋势，不同的观点和不同学派的思想，研究成果，进一步探索，等等的讨论。一本专着通常为读者全面，深入地了解特定的研究具有重要的指导作用。3） Papers 文件Papers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all the other documentary works. A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, a

7、uthor, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 论文的教科书，专着和所有其他的纪实作品，最重要，最可靠的消息来源。一个完整的文件通常是由以下要素：标题，作者，所属单位，摘要，关键词，介绍，理论分析和/或实验说明，结果和讨论或结论，致谢，参考文献等。4） Encyclopedias（百科全

8、书）An encyclopedia is “a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.” As a basic reference book of generalized and summarized knowledge, an encyclopedia is usually compiled by many experts of many branches through many years. The

9、contents of an encyclopedia, therefore, are comparatively mature and correct. It virtually serves as an important information retriever（猎犬）, providing comprehensive and systematic information about everything. 百科全书是“一本书或一套书处理每一个分支的知识，或与一个特定的分支，按字母顺序排列。”作为一个基本的概括和总结知识的参考书，百科全书编纂的许多专家的许多分支通过多年。百科全书的内容

10、，因此，是比较成熟的，正确的。它实际上作为一个重要的信息检索（猎犬），提供全面和系统有关的一切。5） Periodicals（期刊）A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. Periodicals are of various categories. From the perspective of names, for example, they are journals, acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters

11、, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc., which constitute the main body of literature.期刊是定期出版物中出现了一系列的。各类期刊。从名的角度来看，例如，文献，期刊，杂志，简报，快速的通讯，书信，程序，记录，文摘服务，评价，指标等，构成文学的主体。6） Special Documentation特殊的文档The so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that

12、 are non-books or non-periodicals. This special documentation mainly includes: standards, patent documents, trademarks, copyrights, contracts/agreements, reports, conference papers, dissertations （or theses）, Product specifications, government publications, proposals, technical archives, electronic

13、hypertexts, etc. 所谓的特殊文件，是指所有的印刷材料，非书籍和非期刊。这种特殊的文件主要包括：标准，专利文献，商标，著作权，合同/协议，报告，会议论文，学位论文（或论文），产品规格，政府出版物，建议，技术档案，电子超文本等。3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature科学文献的语言特点Stylistically（在文体上）, literature is a kind of formal writing. It avoids all colloquial （通俗的）expressions. Syntactically（在句法上）,

14、 scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Morphologically（在词态学上）, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. Besides, non-verbal lang

15、uage is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.在文体上（在文体上），文学是一种正式的书面形式。这就避免了所有口语（通俗的）表达式。在语法上（在句法上），科学文献中有严格的语法结构，并在大多数情况下是比较单一的。从形态（在英英解释态作者：上），科学文献的特点是高度专业化的，使用的技术名词和术语，明确的含义和固定意义上的字。此外，非口头语言也很受欢

16、迎，在各种文献，如符号，公式，图表，表格，照片等。为了准确，简洁，清晰。2. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则或标准Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide”-xin, da, ya, namely, “faithfulness （信）, expressiveness （达）, and elegance （雅）”.In the past decades, Mr. Yan

17、s principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a var

18、iety of new standards or criteria of translation.We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style.

19、 By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression（惯用语） in the target language（译入语）, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.当翻译的原则或标准正在讨论在中国，严复的“三个字符的指南” - 鑫，达，雅，即，“信（信），达（达），优雅（雅）”。在过去的几十年里，阎先生的原则一直被视为一个铅垂线测量的专业水平的翻译和目标的翻译后努力。然而，在这个

20、原则的应用，人们来发现一些不尽如人意的地方，三个字符的指南，并提出引言各种新的标准或准则的翻译。我们也可以采取这两个标准的科学文献翻译的原则。 /精度的忠诚，我们的意思是要忠实，不仅原来的内容，本义和意见，还到原来的形式和风格。平滑，我们的意思是不仅方便性和可读性的渲染，但也习惯表达法（惯用语）的目标语言（译入语），从字典中从激烈的公式和机械复制。3. Literal Translation and Free Translation直译和意译The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alte

21、r the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text （discourse） into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Free translation is an alternative appro

22、ach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. 所谓直译，表面上说，是指“不改变原来的单词和句子”，严格来说，它力求“保持情绪和风格的原创。”这需要作为其基本单位的句子，并以全考虑到在同一时间在翻译过程中的文本（话语）。免费翻译是一种替代方法，它主要是用于传达了原来的意义和精神，而试图复制其言论的句型或数字。II. Translation（后面有答案）1

23、. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.1） It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was th

24、e season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.2） A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle

25、 a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.1），这是最好的时代，这是最坏的时代，这是智慧的时代，这是愚蠢的时代;这是信仰的时期，这是怀疑的时代，这是本赛季的轻，这是黑暗的季节;这是希望的春天，那是

26、失望的冬天;我们拥有一切摆在我们面前，我们面前一无所有;我们都去天堂，我们都将直接的其他方式。2）贺卡可以温暖人心，保持手，借给一个耳朵，轻拍背部，照亮了一张脸，痒痒的一个有趣的骨，干的眼睛，惊喜的孩子，吸引了心上人，敬酒的新娘，欢迎陌生人，波浪再见了，喊喝彩，飞吻，缝缝补补的争吵，缓解了疼痛，提高的士气，停止担心，开始的传统。2. Put the following passage into Chinese.As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious reso

27、urces or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtain

28、ed on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human

29、 civilization.3. Put the following passage into English.翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切

30、无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）专业论文（4小时）1. Definition of professional papers专业论文的定义A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.一个专业的纸是打好字的纸，专业人士提出自己的看法和研究成果，对选定的主题。2.Classification of professional

31、 papers专业论文的分类The four kinds of papers usually assigned in universities and colleges are （1） report papers; （2） research papers; （3） course papers, and （4）thesis papers.这四种文件通常被分配在大学和学院是（1）报告文件;（2）研究论文;（3）课程论文，（4）硕士论文。1） Report Paper报告纸The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. 该报告总结和报告的另一个调查结果，在一个特定的主题。2） Research paper研究论文A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting,