石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精.docx

1、石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精All petroleum reservoirs experience pressure declines, and most wells require artificial lift at some point, most commonly where reservoir pressure is insufficient for natural flow. Artificial lift systems may also be used to enhance production from flowing wells with a reservoir pr

2、essure that is insufficient to produce a require amount of fluid. 所有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程, 大多 数井在某些阶段需要人工举升, 通常是在储层的 压力不足以自流自喷。 人工举升系统也可以用于 自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。Extensive research and field studies have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift systems that have been developed and applied extensively

3、to meet industry needs. These systems include beam pumping, gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity pumps, and hydraulic.为满足行 业的需求,广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了, 人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。 这些系 统包括游梁抽油机,气举,电潜泵(ESP ,螺杆 泵(PCP 的 ,和液压泵。Gas lift lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow and correspondi

4、ngly lower the sand-face pressure. 气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地 降低砂表面压力。One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or compressors. 升降系统 效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以 外加能量,例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。Beam pumping

5、 systems actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and standing valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins. 游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井 下柱塞泵。 螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶定子内的金属转子,使一腔流体向上移动,由于 泵的旋转。ESP s

6、ystems include a motor powered though a three-phase cable from the surface to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of diffusers.The hydraulic reciprocating pump is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles.电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相 电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分 离器。 液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀

7、的高速 往复式柱塞泵。In intermittent lift, the well is produced and is periodically shut in until sufficient pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous lift may be adapted to

8、 perform equally well intermittently.在间歇气举时,油井生产和定 期关闭, 直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升流体,并在一个短暂的时间里生产, 在再次关井 之前。相同的井下设备用于连续气举, 同样也适 用于间歇气举。Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the

9、valve is designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid load is present in the tubing. The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the operating area. All of the val

10、ves will include a reverse-flow check valve which prevents backflow. Tubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited. However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lif

11、t or multi-point injection in some cases. 油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况 下,以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的, 如在间歇气举的应用, 控制阀保持关闭, 直到有足 够的流体负载存在于油管, 压力控制阀使用一个 圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。 波纹管通常被 用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。 所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀, 防止了 回流。 油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有 限的。 然而, 油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低 的阀之间上下周期性运动, 从而导致低效的举升 或在某些情况下,多点注入。Hydraulic pumps prov

12、ide another efficient artificial-lift option.Well candidates that lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both p

13、ump types requir similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,and are serviceable with slickline well servicing operations. 液压泵提供了另一种供选择 的有效的人工举升方式。 缺乏井底压力来维持足 够的流速和低气液比, 但仍有可接受的生产能力 的井,是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。 两种基本类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。 两种泵要求类似的 地面装置提供良好的举升效率, 便利的带绳索式 的井下维修作业。PCPs are generally the preferred method

14、 for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive displacement pump with a helical metal rotor which rotates in an elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.螺杆 泵一般都是举升冷粘性,含砂流体的首选方法。 螺杆泵是一个正排量泵, 带有在橡胶定子里旋转 的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。Many challenges still in the

15、design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries differ significantly from the vertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and othercondit

16、ions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial lift requirements may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce efficiently.Unique challenges also exist

17、in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well requirements do not significantly change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the need for reliability more than in other applications.Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in combination as ESPs

18、in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing compression capabilities for the gas-lift system.These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of artificial-lift systems in well completions.此处跟以上内容相似 故略去翻译。Methods for Sand ExclusionFour broad groups of sa

19、nd exclusion methods areavailable: (1 production restriction methods, (2 mechanical methods (3 in-situ chemical consolidation methods, and (4 combination methods. With the exception of production restriction methods, the remaining methods provide some means of mechanical support for the formation an

20、d help prevent formation movement during stressed that result from fluid flow or pressure drop in the reservoir. 四个应用广泛的防 砂方法是可用的:(1生产的限制的方法, (2 机械的方法(3就地化学胶结方法,及(4相 结合的方法。 与生产限制的方法不同, 其余的方 法提供了一些装置, 用于形成机械支撑, 并有助 于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下 降引起的应力下运移的方法Production RestrictionIn a sandstone formation, stres

21、ses resulting from fluid production or pressure drop act on the minerals that bond the sand grains together, resulting in sand production. One means of reducing this sand production is to restrict the production rate. This method has the lowest initialcost and in some cases, may be a successful alte

22、rnative to other available methods. However, in most cases, it is not a durable or economical solution to formation sand production.在砂岩地层 中, 源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶 结了砂子颗粒的矿物上, 导致了出砂。 一种减少 这种出砂的方法是限制产量,这种方法成本最 低,有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法,然而, 大多数情况下它也不是一个持久的经济的方法。 Mechanical MethodsMechanical methods are the most

23、common well treatments for excluding sand production. Mechanical sand-control methods are diverse, but they always include some type of device installed downhole that bridges or filters the sand out of the produced fluids or gases. These devices include a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped s

24、creens, and prepacked screens, which are generally uses with gravel-pack procedures机械方 法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。 机械防砂法是多 样的, 但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装置桥堵 或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。 这些装置包含割缝衬管,绕丝筛管,预充填筛管(广泛用于 砾石充填工艺 。Screens and slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole filtration devices. These devices (1 filter out the

25、formation sand, (2 retain any particular materials, graded sand, or other proppants placed against the formation to support it, and (3 stain out the naturally loose component grains. Variations in screen designs, which will be discussed later, are affected by cost, durability, and flow- through char

26、acteristics. 筛管和割缝衬管包 括一系列的井下过滤设备,这些设备(1过滤 出地层的砂子(2保留一些特殊的矿物,分级 的砂子,或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层(3过滤 出天然松散的组成颗粒。 不同的筛管设计后面将 要讨论,受成本,耐用性,和流过流体的特性的 影响。Selecting the Appropriate Sand Exclusion Method Once a well is identified as requiring sand exclusion, the appropriate exclusion method mustbe determined based on the

27、following criteria: (1 economics the initial cost of the treatment and its effect on production, (2 historical success, (3 applicability degree of difficulty to perform treatment, and (4 length of service estimations of sand-free production and need frequency rates for repetition of the treatment.选择

28、适当的防砂方 法一旦油井被确定为需要防砂,适当的防砂方法, 必须根据以下标准确定:(1经济能力和其对生 产的初始成本, (2过往的成功(3适用性实 施的难易程度,及(4服务周期,估计无砂产 量,和重复该措施的频率。Choosing the appropriate technique for sand exclusion requires an in-depth understanding of each sand exclusion method and its many modifications and variations. There are merits and limitation

29、s of every type mechanical and chemical consolidation methods. 选择合适的防砂技术,需 要深入了解每个防砂方法和它的许多改进和变 化。 每一种类型的机械方法和化学胶结的方法都存在其优点和局限性。Liners and ScreensSlotted liners and screens are downhole filters that provide differing mechanisms and levels of sand retention or pack-support. Before a liner or screen i

30、s chosen, the well must be carefully evaluated so that the most applicable products can be selected. Screen construction and shape can influence: (1 how well sand becomes packed in the annulus, (2 the flow capacity of the covered zone, and (3 how long the composite pack might last.割缝衬管和筛 管是井下过滤器提供不同

31、机理和精度的砂子保 留或砾石充填。 在选择衬管和筛管之前, 必须对 仔细的评估, 以至于最为合适的产品被选择。筛 管的结构和形状受到下列因素的影响(! 井中 砂子如何充填环空(2充填井段的流动能力 (3混合充填能持续多长。The simplest slotted liner is made of oilfield pipe that has been slotted with a precision saw or mill. These slots must be cut circumferentially, otherwise the tubing would become weak und

32、ertension. The individual slots can be as small as 1/5 in. or as large as required for the gravel size that will be used. 最简单的割缝衬管由油田油管被精 密的锯和铣割缝而成的, 这些缝必须是圆周切向 的, 否则油管在张力作用下变得很脆弱。 这些独 立的缝可以小到 1/5英寸或大如所需的将要使用 的砾石尺寸。It is recommended to use tracers when one or more of the following conditions exist.

33、(1 Thick intervals of reservoir to be stimulated (45 ft. (2 Stress contrast between the zone of interest and adjacent barriers is less than 700 psi. (3 Limited entry stimulation technique is planned. (4Specialty proppants will be used or tail-in at the end of the treatment. (5 Fluid leak-off is expected to be high