石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精.docx

石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精.docx

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石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精

Allpetroleumreservoirsexperiencepressuredeclines,andmostwellsrequireartificialliftatsomepoint,mostcommonlywherereservoirpressureisinsufficientfornaturalflow.Artificialliftsystemsmayalsobeusedtoenhanceproductionfromflowingwellswithareservoirpressurethatisinsufficienttoproducearequireamountoffluid.所有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程,大多数井在某些阶段需要人工举升,通常是在储层的压力不足以自流自喷。

人工举升系统也可以用于自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。

Extensiveresearchandfieldstudieshavebeenconductedonarangeofartificial-liftsystemsthathavebeendevelopedandappliedextensivelytomeetindustryneeds.Thesesystemsincludebeampumping,gaslift,electricalsubmersiblepumps,progressivecavitypumps,andhydraulic.为满足行业的需求,广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了,人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。

这些系统包括游梁抽油机,气举,电潜泵（ESP,螺杆泵（PCP的,和液压泵。

Gasliftlightensthefluidgravitytoincreasetheflowandcorrespondinglylowerthesand-facepressure.气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地降低砂表面压力。

Onedefinitionofliftsystemefficiencyisfoundbydividingthepoweraddedtothefluidstreambytheamountofpowerneededfromexternalsourcessuchasmotorsorcompressors.升降系统效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以外加能量,例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。

Beampumpingsystemsactuateadownholeplungerpumpwithtravelingandstandingvalves.PCPpumprotatefromrodsoradownholemotorthatspinsametalrotorinsidearubberstatorandmovesacavityoffluidupwardasthepumpspins.游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井下柱塞泵。

螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶

定子内的金属转子,使一腔流体向上移动,由于泵的旋转。

ESPsystemsincludeamotorpoweredthoughathree-phasecablefromthesurfacetorotateastackofimpellersinsideastackofdiffusers.Thehydraulicreciprocatingpumpisarapidlyreciprocatingplungerpumpwithball-and-seatcheckvavles.

电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分离器。

液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速往复式柱塞泵。

Inintermittentlift,thewellisproducedandisperiodicallyshutinuntilsufficientpressurebuildsinthecasingtoliftliquidsandtoproducethewellforabrieftimebeforeshuttingthewellinagain.Thesamedownholeequipmentthatwasusedforcontinuousliftmaybeadaptedtoperformequallywellintermittently.在间歇气举时,油井生产和定期关闭,直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升

流体,并在一个短暂的时间里生产,在再次关井之前。

相同的井下设备用于连续气举,同样也适用于间歇气举。

Tubingpressure-sensitivevalvesareusedinannulusflowsituationsandwhenaparticulartubingpressureisrequired,suchasinanintermittentliftapplicationwherethevalveisdesignedtoremaincloseduntilasufficientfluidloadispresentinthetubing.Thepressure-sensitivevalvesuseeitheradomechargeoraspringtoprovidetheclosingforce.Normallyabellowsisusedtocontainthedomechargeortootherwiseprovidetheoperatingarea.Allofthevalveswillincludeareverse-flowcheckvalvewhichpreventsbackflow.Tubingpressurevalvesmaybeusedinplaceswherecasingpressureislimited.However,fluctuationsintubingpressurecancauseperiodicmovementoftheinjectionpointupanddownbetweenlowervalves,leadingtoinefficientliftormulti-pointinjectioninsomecases.油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况下,以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的,如

在间歇气举的应用,控制阀保持关闭,直到有足够的流体负载存在于油管,压力控制阀使用一个圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。

波纹管通常被用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。

所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀,防止了回流。

油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有限的。

然而,油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低的阀之间上下周期性运动,从而导致低效的举升或在某些情况下,多点注入。

Hydraulicpumpsprovideanotherefficientartificial-liftoption.WellcandidatesthatlackthebottomholepressuretosustainacceptableflowratesandhavelowGLRS,butwhichstillhaveacceptableproductivitycapacity,areidealcandidatesforhydraulicpumps.Twobasicpumptypesarepistonpumpsandjetpumps.Bothpumptypesrequirsimilarsurface,offergoodliftefficiencies,andareserviceablewithslicklinewellservicingoperations.液压泵提供了另一种供选择的有效的人工举升方式。

缺乏井底压力来维持足够的流速和低气液比,但仍有可接受的生产能力的井,是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。

两种基本

类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。

两种泵要求类似的地面装置提供良好的举升效率,便利的带绳索式的井下维修作业。

PCPsaregenerallythepreferredmethodforliftingcoldviscous,sandladenfluids.PCPsareapositivedisplacementpumpwithahelicalmetalrotorwhichrotatesinanelastomericstator.Theelastomericstatorisattachedtometaltubing.螺杆泵一般都是举升冷粘性,含砂流体的首选方法。

螺杆泵是一个正排量泵,带有在橡胶定子里旋转的螺旋形金属转子。

橡胶定子连接到金属油管。

Manychallengesstillinthedesignofartificial-liftsystems.Modernwellgeometriesdiffersignificantlyfromtheverticalwellboreswhereartificiallifthashistoricallybeenapplied.Horizontalwells,multilateralwells,high-temperaturewells,wellswithsand-ladenproduction,wellswithcorrosivefluids,andother

conditionsallcontributeproblemswhichmustbeconsideredwhenusingartificialliftrequirementsmaybeforproductionofseveralthousandsofbarrelsperdayormaybeforaveryfewbarrelsofwaterperdaytobeliftedfromagaswellsothatgascanproduceefficiently.

Uniquechallengesalsoexistinapplyingliftsystemsinsubseawells.Subseawellrequirementsdonotsignificantlychangetheartificial-liftsystembutdoemphasizetheneedforreliabilitymorethaninotherapplications.

Evenmorecomplexitycanbeintroducedifartificial-liftsystemsareconsideredincombinationasESPsincombinationdiscussedasanalternativetoincreasingcompressioncapabilitiesforthegas-liftsystem.

Theseandotherdesignissueswillprovidethefutureadvancesintheapplicationofartificial-liftsystemsinwellcompletions.此处跟以上内容相似故略去翻译。

MethodsforSandExclusion

Fourbroadgroupsofsandexclusionmethodsare

available:

（1productionrestrictionmethods,（2mechanicalmethods（3in-situchemicalconsolidationmethods,and（4combinationmethods.Withtheexceptionofproductionrestrictionmethods,theremainingmethodsprovidesomemeansofmechanicalsupportfortheformationandhelppreventformationmovementduringstressedthatresultfromfluidfloworpressuredropinthereservoir.四个应用广泛的防砂方法是可用的:

（1生产的限制的方法,（2机械的方法（3就地化学胶结方法,及（4相结合的方法。

与生产限制的方法不同,其余的方法提供了一些装置,用于形成机械支撑,并有助于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下降引起的应力下运移的方法

ProductionRestriction

Inasandstoneformation,stressesresultingfromfluidproductionorpressuredropactonthemineralsthatbondthesandgrainstogether,resultinginsandproduction.Onemeansofreducingthissandproductionistorestricttheproductionrate.Thismethodhasthelowestinitial

costandinsomecases,maybeasuccessfulalternativetootheravailablemethods.However,inmostcases,itisnotadurableoreconomicalsolutiontoformationsandproduction.在砂岩地层中,源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶结了砂子颗粒的矿物上,导致了出砂。

一种减少这种出砂的方法是限制产量,这种方法成本最低,有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法,然而,大多数情况下它也不是一个持久的经济的方法。

MechanicalMethods

Mechanicalmethodsarethemostcommonwelltreatmentsforexcludingsandproduction.Mechanicalsand-controlmethodsarediverse,buttheyalwaysincludesometypeofdeviceinstalleddownholethatbridgesorfiltersthesandoutoftheproducedfluidsorgases.Thesedevicesincludeawidearrayofslottedliners,wire-wrappedscreens,andprepackedscreens,whicharegenerallyuseswithgravel-packprocedures机械方法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。

机械防砂法是多样的,但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装置桥堵或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。

这些装置包

含割缝衬管,绕丝筛管,预充填筛管（广泛用于砾石充填工艺。

Screensandslottedlinersencompassabroadrangeofdownholefiltrationdevices.Thesedevices（1filterouttheformationsand,（2retainanyparticularmaterials,gradedsand,orotherproppantsplacedagainsttheformationtosupportit,and（3stainoutthenaturallyloosecomponentgrains.Variationsinscreendesigns,whichwillbediscussedlater,areaffectedbycost,durability,andflow-throughcharacteristics.筛管和割缝衬管包括一系列的井下过滤设备,这些设备（1过滤出地层的砂子（2保留一些特殊的矿物,分级的砂子,或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层（3过滤出天然松散的组成颗粒。

不同的筛管设计后面将要讨论,受成本,耐用性,和流过流体的特性的影响。

SelectingtheAppropriateSandExclusionMethodOnceawellisidentifiedasrequiringsandexclusion,theappropriateexclusionmethodmust

bedeterminedbasedonthefollowingcriteria:

（1economics—theinitialcostofthetreatmentanditseffectonproduction,（2historicalsuccess,（3applicability—degreeofdifficultytoperformtreatment,and（4lengthofservice—estimationsofsand-freeproductionandneedfrequencyratesforrepetitionofthetreatment.选择适当的防砂方法

一旦油井被确定为需要防砂,适当的防砂方法,必须根据以下标准确定:

（1经济能力和其对生产的初始成本,（2过往的成功（3适用性实施的难易程度,及（4服务周期,估计无砂产量,和重复该措施的频率。

Choosingtheappropriatetechniqueforsandexclusionrequiresanin-depthunderstandingofeachsandexclusionmethodanditsmanymodificationsandvariations.Therearemeritsandlimitationsofeverytypemechanicalandchemicalconsolidationmethods.选择合适的防砂技术,需要深入了解每个防砂方法和它的许多改进和变化。

每一种类型的机械方法和化学胶结的方法都

存在其优点和局限性。

LinersandScreens

Slottedlinersandscreensaredownholefiltersthatprovidedifferingmechanismsandlevelsofsandretentionorpack-support.Beforealinerorscreenischosen,thewellmustbecarefullyevaluatedsothatthemostapplicableproductscanbeselected.Screenconstructionandshapecaninfluence:

（1howwellsandbecomespackedintheannulus,（2theflowcapacityofthecoveredzone,and（3howlongthecompositepackmightlast.割缝衬管和筛管是井下过滤器提供不同机理和精度的砂子保留或砾石充填。

在选择衬管和筛管之前,必须对仔细的评估,以至于最为合适的产品被选择。

筛管的结构和形状受到下列因素的影响（!

井中砂子如何充填环空（2充填井段的流动能力（3混合充填能持续多长。

Thesimplestslottedlinerismadeofoilfieldpipethathasbeenslottedwithaprecisionsawormill.Theseslotsmustbecutcircumferentially,otherwisethetubingwouldbecomeweakunder

tension.Theindividualslotscanbeassmallas1/5in.oraslargeasrequiredforthegravelsizethatwillbeused.最简单的割缝衬管由油田油管被精密的锯和铣割缝而成的,这些缝必须是圆周切向的,否则油管在张力作用下变得很脆弱。

这些独立的缝可以小到1/5英寸或大如所需的将要使用的砾石尺寸。

Itisrecommendedtousetracerswhenoneormoreofthefollowingconditionsexist.（1Thickintervalsofreservoirtobestimulated（>45ft.（2Stresscontrastbetweenthezoneofinterestandadjacentbarriersislessthan700psi.（3Limitedentrystimulationtechniqueisplanned.（4Specialtyproppantswillbeusedortail-inattheendofthetreatment.（5Fluidleak-offisexpectedtobehigh