外文翻译综合文档格式.docx

1、AbstractContradictions in management of developing entrepreneurial economy, in the form of absent methods and mechanisms of managing the structural sectors of growth economy, including leasing sector, are revealed. To investigate laws of formation anddevelopment of the leasing sector of entrepreneur

2、ial economy. To develop the mechanism of management of developing leasing entrepreneurship. The conceptual model is constructed with the use of methods of statistical and multifactorial correlation analysis, optimisation and dynamic forecasting in estimation of leasing entrepreneurship results. The

3、conceptual model of management of developing entrepreneurship in the leasing sector of economy is developed. Tendencies of developing the given sector of economy are defined, approaches to estimation of its productivity are offered. Leasing tools are considered as the cross- industry, being of inter

4、est not only for projects of development of the city subway.Keywords: Leasing, tools, risks, barriers, financing, effectiveness, management1. IntroductionThe unique scheme of entrepreneurship is leasing which is becoming not only the instrument of activization of entrepreneurial activity, but it als

5、o relates to one of the complicated forms of entrepreneurship. Leasing entrepreneurship combines some kinds of activities and demands a special approach to management organization at all levels of management. Entrepreneurship in the leasing sector of economy is characterised by specific conditions o

6、f development, entrepreneurial functions, institutional infrastructure, scale and sphere of funds application.Positions of the offered concept of management of developing entrepreneurship in the leasing sector of economy include: theoretical and methodological positions bringing the contribution to

7、expansion of notions of the essence and functions of leasing entrepreneurship; positions bringing the contribution to expansion of notions of the entrepreneurial economy structure, presence of growth sectors in it, the essence, prospects and restrictions of their development; methods and mechanisms

8、of management of developing entrepreneurship in the leasing sector of economy; positions bringing the contribution to expansion of notions of methodical provision of process of accepting administrative decisions in the field of state regulation and support of leasing entrepreneurship, discrepancies

9、and restrictions of management of developing entrepreneurship in the leasing sector of economy.The result of leasing entrepreneurship depends on economic results of the subjects taking part in the leasing process that assumes a multiplicative effect. At the heart of the control system of leasing ent

10、repreneurship development there should be a complex approach directed on optimisation of results of all participants of the leasingprocess.2. TheoryThe level of accumulated depreciation in the economy of Russia in 2014 is 49.4 %. Entrepreneurial structures have to search for sources of financing, in

11、cluding in the leasing sector of economy. The leasing market is developing stably enough, that is confirmed by positive dynamics. During some periods the value increase of financial leasing contracts advances the rate of gain of investments into fixed capital （Table 1）.The share of transactions of s

12、mall-scale and medium-sized businesses is growing in the structure of leasing transactions. In 2014 they made 47.2 % of the total of transactions, that is 65.6 % more than in 2011, among them 37.5 % accounts for small-scale business. An average period of validity of financial leasing contracts is in

13、creasing, in 2014 it made 4.7 years. Leasing transactions are becoming more long-term. The big share of concluded contracts accounts for the contracts for 1 to 3 years term, in 2014 - 68.2 %, that is 2.9 times more than in 2010 （23.7 %）. The share of contracts for 3 to 6 years term in 2014 made 28.4

14、 %, that is 19.3 % less than in 2010 （32.5 %） 7.But the leasing sector, as well as any other sector of economy is subject to the influence of cyclic fluctuations occurring in economy. For the first time in seven years the leasing portfolio in 2015 showed negative dynamics （-20%）. First of all it is

15、connected with the decrease in business activity of managing subjects. The enterprises stopped projects on updating of fixed capital. Investments into fixed capital were reduced to 8.4 % in comparison with 2014 8.As a result of the macroeconomic situation deterioration leasing companies have to oper

16、ate in the conditions of uncertainty that cannot but affect their activity results.Credit price rise, complexity of credit obtaining, lack of financial assets, low demand for leasing, all that leads to the leasing market reduction 6. The complicated macroeconomic situation can cause a considerable d

17、amage to leasing companies both in the current and long-term period. Decrease in the solvency of leasing service consumers reduces the leasing portfolio quality and leads to the growth of problem assets.Economic sanctions concerning a number of strategic branches of Russia have promoted working out

18、of the programs directed on development of import substitution businesses. The leasing sector has not taken the last role in developing import substitution of national equipment that can serve as a point of growth for the given sector of economy. Leasing entrepreneurship is defined as a set of indep

19、endent organizations co-operating with each other, engaged in various entrepreneurial activities including rent, investment, commercial relations and connected by treaty obligations concerning purposeful use of financial assets for acquisition of leasing subject for the purpose of profit earning. Re

20、search of the leasing process structure has inevitably led to revealing of barriers in the leasing market and to defining of the system overcoming effect.To the laws of formation and development of the leasing sector of economy we refer: Rise of a leasing product price, in connection with, the so-ca

21、lled cutting off of small transactions and reduction of assortment of leasing objects. That is strengthening of competitive positions of large leasing companies with the state participation or large private companies with adjusted communications and large credit instruments. Such economic effects de

22、mand working out and choosing a new motivating instrument- kit; Complication of achievement of the planned result in the market of leasing entrepreneurship. Identification of entrepreneurial activity result in leasing sector of economy is becoming an important issue. In the crisis conditions there i

23、s observed a chain of counterparts debts which leads to infringement of lessee obligations and to growth of lessor receivables. As consequence, there is a start of the mechanism of productivity decrease not only in leasing entrepreneurship, but also in national economy. Within the limits of the leas

24、ing sector of entrepreneurial economy this effect is least studied; Institutional requirements to the leasing transaction participants are undergoing changes. In the conditions of growing competition leasing companies are working over their own capital increase and softening the criteria of the less

25、ees estimation; Activization of processes of the leasing portfolio redistribution in connection with new management conditions and conditions of import substitution policy. The developed situation is opening some prospects of development of leasing entrepreneurship in Russia.The leasing market model

26、 is offered by analogy with the Harward school paradigm Structure-behaviour - productivity. The result of the branch market functioning depends on the behaviour of sellers and buyers. Sellers behaviour is influenced by product strategy, pricing, consumers good organization and their possibility to i

27、nfluence occurring processes. Depending on the market situation manufacturers make decisions concerning investment change, innovative activity, advertising strategy to achieve the best result 9. Depending on the present situation both sellers and buyers aspire to change conditions and present relati

28、ons between them, limiting the behaviour in the branch market. Thus, between the branch market participants there are formed rules of behaviour, traditions whichdefine their interrelation level. In the leasing service market there appears feedforward and feedback between the leasing market elements

29、（demand, the market structure, behaviour of the market subjects, productivity）. There is similar communication between behaviour of the market subjects and the state as well, that indicates the possibility of the given elements to interinfluence on formation of the leasing service market. Regulation

30、 measures make periodic or constant impacts on the market structure. In the leasing service market there combine low barriers ofinput-output, observable competition between firms, i.e. competitive structure traits, on the one hand and high concentration of the market power of separate participants,

31、characterising the exclusive structure, on the other hand5. The increase in leasing volumes is interfered by unsolved problems of objective and subjective character. To overcome the barriers economic resources and time are required, that leads to occurrence of the deferred result effect both at the

32、microlevel and at the national economy level. As a result there is a system overcoming effect. In leasing entrepreneurship one successful process creates conditions for the following to start that leads tothe system distribution of the result in file from one participant to another with a growing effect. The multiplicative effect can be both positive - carrying out the activity the leasing entrepreneurship involves other sectors of economy （bank, insurance, indust