土木工程道桥方向专业外文翻译路公路Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、班级： 工077 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Prof essional Englishon Ci vil Engineering Mechanics 附 件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。1、 外文原文（复印件）Theroad（highway）The road i s one k indof l inearconstruction used for travel. It i s made of the roadbed, the roadsurface,thebridge,theculvertandthetunnel.Inaddition,italsohasthecrossingof li

2、nes, theprotective project and the traffic engineeringand the route facility.Theroadbedisthe baseofroadsurface,roadshoulder,sideslope,sideditchfoundations.Itisstonematerialstructure,whichisdesignedaccording toroutesplaneposition.Theroadbed,asthebaseoftravel,mustguaranteethatit hasthe enough intensit

3、y andthe stability thatcanpreventthew a terand other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is sing le or complex structure built w ithmix ture. Theroadsurfacerequirebeingsmooth,havingenoughintensity,goodstabilityandanti-slipperyfunction.The quality of road surfa

4、ce directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic.The route marking i s one k indof traffic safety facility painted by oil paint or m adeby theconcreteandtilesonhigh-level,lesshigh-typesurface.Itsfunctioniscoordinatingthesigntomaketheeffectivecontroltothetransportation,directingthevehiclesskipro

5、adtravel,servingunimpededandthesafepurpose.Ourcountrysroadroutemarkinghasthelanemedian l ine,thetrafficlaneboundary,thecurbline,theparkingline,theconductioncurrentbelt,thepedestriancrossingline,thefourcornerscentercircle,theparkingazimuthline.Theroutemarkinghasthecontinualsolidline,thebroken l inean

6、d the arrow indicator and itscolor uses the w hiteor the yellow.Thearchofbridgeisthe structurewhichstridesoverrivers,mountainvalleyandchannel.Itismade g enerallyby steel rod, concrete andstone.Thetunnelisthecavewhichconnectsbothsidesoftheroad.Thetechniqueofthisconstructionisvery complex,thecostofthe

7、 projectsishigherthancommonroad.However,itreducesthe drivingdistancebetweentwoplaces,enhancesthegradeofthetechnicalinbuildingtheroadandguaranteesthe cars can drive fast and safely, thus reduces the cost of transportation.The protective project i s to protect and consolidate the roadbed in order that

8、 i t can g uaranteetheintensity and the stability of the road, thus maintains the automobile to pass throughsafely.In order to g uaranteethat safe operation of the highway transportation, besides the highwayengineeringandthevehiclesperformance,itmusthavesometrafficsignal,routemarking,eachkindofdirec

9、toranddemonstratefacility.Thehighwaymarkingusescertainmarkanddrawsymbol,simplewordsandnumber,theninstallsinthesuitableplacetoindicatethe front roads condition or theaccidentconditionincludingtheinformationalsign,thewarningsignal,theprohibitorysign,theroadsig n and soon.The road w hichJoin city, vill

10、age and industry, mainly are used for the automobile and hascertaintechnicalstandardandthefacilitypathcanbecalledthehighway.“Thehighway”in C hinesei sthemodernview,butitwasnotexistedinoldday.Itgetsthenamefromthemeaningofbeingusedforthepublictraffic.Wherearethe human,therearetheroad.Itis a truth.Howe

11、ver,the roadis notthehighway.Ifwetalkthehistoryabouttheroad,theearliesthighwayisthatbuiltbytheoldEgyptiansformakingthepyramid.NextisthestreetwhichbuiltbytheBabylonpeopleabout4000yearsago.Allthese are much earlier than our country.A bout 500 B .C ., the Persian Empire road has l inked up East and Wes

12、t, and connected the road toC hina. It i s the earliest and longest S ilkR oad. 2500 y ears ag o, i t mightbe the g reatestroad .Theancient R omeEmpiresroadw asoncecelebrated;i t took R omeasthecenter, a l laroundbuilt29roads.Thereforeitcameoutonecommonsaying:everyroadleadstoRome.The roads construct

13、ion i s the process to enhance technique and renew the building materials.Theearliestistheoldroad,itiseasytobuildbutitisalsotodestroy.Ifthereistoomuchwaterorcars,itwillbeunevenandevenbedestroyed.ThemacadamroadappearedintheEuropewhichoutbalancedtheearliestmudroad.Thenthebrickroadappearedwhichwasearli

14、erthanChina.Itwasonegreatbreachthatwemoldedbitumenonthemacadamroad.Fromancienttimestothepresent,Chinahascourierstationandcourierroad,whilethefirstmoreadvanceroadwastheonethatfromLongZhouinGangXitoZhenNanGuanin1906.The difference betweenR oad and pathThe path i s the project for each k indof vehicles

15、 and people to pass through. A ccordingto itsfunction,wecandivideitintotheurbanroad,theroad,thefactoriesandminespath,theforestroadand county road.The classification of roadFirst, according to administrative rank, i t includes national highway, province road, countyroadand the special road. Generally

16、 the national highway and province road are named main l ine; thecounty road i s named branch line.The national road i s the m a in l ineand has political and economy s ignificance, includingtheimportantnationaldefenseroadandtheroadcollectingourcapitalwithotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipal

17、ities.Itisalsotheroadlinkstheeconomycenter,seaporthinge,factoryandimportant strategicplace. The highway striding over different provinces are built, protected andmanagedby the special org anizationsw hichare approved by the ministry of communications.The provincial road i s the main l inebuilt, prot

18、ected, managedby the road manage department.Iti s full of political and economic sense to the w hole province.The sing le w ay four levels of roads can adapt below each day and nightmedium-duty truckvolumeoftraffic200.The county route is refers to has county -w ide （ county -level city ） politics,th

19、eeconom-icsignificance,connectsinthecountyandthecountythemaintownship（town）,theprin-cipalcommoditiesproductionandthecollectionanddistributioncenterroad,aswellasdoesnotbelongtothefederalhighway,provincialroadscountybordertheroad.Thecoun-tyroutebythecounty,thecityroad Departmentresponsible for the w o

20、rkis responsibleto construct, the maintenance and the management.The tow nshiproad refers to mainly the road w hichfor the tow nship（ tow n） thev i l la -g eeconomy,theculture, the administration serves, as w ell as does not belong to above t-hecountyroutebetweenroads townshipandthetownshipandthe to

21、wnshipandthe exte-riorcontactroad.Townshipisresponsible by the peoples governmentto construct, the m-aintenanceand themanagement.The special-purpose road i s refers to feeds specially or mainly supplies the factoriesandmines,theforestregion,thefarm,the oilfield,the touristarea,themilitaryimportantpl

22、aceandsoonandtheexternalrelationsroad.Thespecial-purposeroadisresponsiblebythespecial-purpose unit toconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.Mayalsoentrustthelocalroad departmenttoconstruct, the maintenance and the management.S econd, according to the use duty, the function and adapts the volume of

23、 traffic division.A ccordingto our country present Highway engineering Technical standard theroadaccordingto the use duty, the function and the adaptation volume of tra-fficdividesinto highway,arterialroad,second-class road, tertiary highway, four level of road five ranks:1 st, the highway to feed s

24、pecially the automobile and should control the differencec-ompletelyrespectively tow ardthe dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway.The four traffic lane highway s oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobile reduce passengervehiclesyearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic2500055000.Thesixtraf

25、ficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehiclesyearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic4500080000.The eighttraffic lane highway s oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobiler-educepassengervehiclesyearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic60000100000.2 nd, the arterial road to supplyth

26、e automobile and mayaccording to need to control thedifferencerespectivelytowardthe dividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway.The four traffic lane arterial roads oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobilreducepassengervehiclesyearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic1500030000.The six traffic lane ar

27、terial roads oughtto be able to adapt each k indof automobilereducepassengervehicle3rd,thesecond-classroadtosupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-lanehighway.Canadapteachdayandnights30007500medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.4 rd, tertiary highway s to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lan

28、e highway.Canadapteachdayandnights10004000medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.The5,fourlevelsofroadstomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-laneorthesingle-lanehighway.The two-lane four levels of roads canadapt below each day and nightmedium-dutytruckvolumeoftraffic1500.Highway engineeringinclu

29、des Highway planning location design and maintenance. B eforethedesignandconstructionofa newhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertakentheremintbegeneralplaningandconsiderationoffinancingAspartofgeneralplanningitisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedofthereawillbefora considerableperiod,generally20years,andwhat

30、constructionwillmeetthoseneeds.Toassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactor.Thehighwayengineermust determine the most suitablelocation lay ou

31、t, and capacity of the new route and structures. Frequently, a preliminary l ineor locationand several a l ternate routes are studied. The detailed design i s normally beg un only w henthe preferredlocation has been chosen.In selecting the best route, careful consideration i s g ivento the traffic r

32、equirements terrain tobetraversedvalueoflandneededfortheright-of-way.andestimatedcostofconstructionforthevariousplans.Thephotogrammetricmethod,whichmakesuse ofaerialphotographsisusedextensivelytoindicate the character of the terrain on la rg e projects w here i t is most economical. On small project,Financing considerations determine w hetherthe project can be carried out tt one time or whetherconstructionmustbeinstageswitheachstageinitiatedasfundsbecomeavailab