土木工程道桥方向专业外文翻译路公路Word文档下载推荐.docx

土木工程道桥方向专业外文翻译路公路Word文档下载推荐.docx

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班级：

工077

姓名：

学号：

外文出处：

ProfessionalEnglishonCivil

EngineeringMechanics

附件：

1、外文原文；

2、外文资料翻译译文。

1、外文原文（复印件）

Theroad（highway）

Theroadisonekindoflinearconstructionusedfortravel.Itismadeoftheroadbed,theroadsurface,thebridge,theculvertandthetunnel.Inaddition,italsohasthecrossingoflines,theprotectiveprojectandthetrafficengineeringandtheroutefacility.

Theroadbedisthebaseofroadsurface,roadshoulder,sideslope,sideditchfoundations.Itisstonematerialstructure,whichisdesignedaccordingtoroute'

splaneposition.Theroadbed,asthebaseoftravel,mustguaranteethatithastheenoughintensityandthestabilitythatcanpreventthewaterandothernaturaldisasterfromcorroding.

Theroadsurfaceisthesurfaceofroad.Itissingleorcomplexstructurebuiltwithmixture.Theroadsurfacerequirebeingsmooth,havingenoughintensity,goodstabilityandanti-slipperyfunction.Thequalityofroadsurfacedirectlyaffectsthesafe,comfortandthetraffic.

Theroutemarkingisonekindoftrafficsafetyfacilitypaintedbyoilpaintormadebytheconcreteandtilesonhigh-level,lesshigh-typesurface.Itsfunctioniscoordinatingthesigntomaketheeffectivecontroltothetransportation,directingthevehiclesskiproadtravel,servingunimpededandthesafepurpose.Ourcountry’sroadroutemarkinghasthelanemedianline,thetrafficlaneboundary,thecurbline,theparkingline,theconductioncurrentbelt,thepedestriancrossingline,thefourcornerscentercircle,theparkingazimuthline.Theroutemarkinghasthecontinualsolidline,thebrokenlineandthearrowindicatoranditscolorusesthewhiteortheyellow.

Thearchofbridgeisthestructurewhichstridesoverrivers,mountainvalleyandchannel.Itismadegenerallybysteelrod,concreteandstone.

Thetunnelisthecavewhichconnectsbothsidesoftheroad.Thetechniqueofthisconstructionisverycomplex,thecostoftheprojectsishigherthancommonroad.However,itreducesthedrivingdistancebetweentwoplaces,enhancesthegradeofthetechnicalinbuildingtheroadandguaranteesthecarscandrivefastandsafely,thusreducesthecostoftransportation.

Theprotectiveprojectistoprotectandconsolidatetheroadbedinorderthatitcanguaranteetheintensityandthestabilityoftheroad,thusmaintainstheautomobiletopassthroughsafely.

Inordertoguaranteethatsafeoperationofthehighwaytransportation,besidesthehighwayengineeringandthevehiclesperformance,itmusthavesometrafficsignal,routemarking,eachkindofdirectoranddemonstratefacility.Thehighwaymarkingusescertainmarkanddrawsymbol,simplewordsandnumber,theninstallsinthesuitableplacetoindicatethefrontroad'

sconditionortheaccidentconditionincludingtheinformationalsign,thewarningsignal,theprohibitorysign,theroadsignandsoon.

TheroadwhichJoincity,villageandindustry,mainlyareusedfortheautomobileandhascertaintechnicalstandardandthefacilitypathcanbecalledthehighway.“Thehighway”inChineseisthemodernview,butitwasnotexistedinoldday.Itgetsthenamefromthemeaningofbeingusedforthepublictraffic.Wherearethehuman,therearetheroad.Itisatruth.However,theroadisnotthehighway.Ifwetalkthehistoryabouttheroad,theearliesthighwayisthatbuiltbytheoldEgyptiansformakingthepyramid.NextisthestreetwhichbuiltbytheBabylonpeopleabout4000yearsago.Allthesearemuchearlierthanourcountry.

About500B.C.,thePersianEmpireroadhaslinkedupEastandWest,andconnectedtheroadtoChina.ItistheearliestandlongestSilkRoad.2500yearsago,itmightbethegreatestroad.The

ancientRomeEmpire’sroadwasoncecelebrated;

ittookRomeasthecenter,allaroundbuilt29roads.Thereforeitcameoutonecommonsaying:

everyroadleadstoRome.

Theroad'

sconstructionistheprocesstoenhancetechniqueandrenewthebuildingmaterials.Theearliestistheoldroad,itiseasytobuildbutitisalsotodestroy.Ifthereistoomuchwaterorcars,itwillbeunevenandevenbedestroyed.ThemacadamroadappearedintheEuropewhichoutbalancedtheearliestmudroad.ThenthebrickroadappearedwhichwasearlierthanChina.Itwasonegreatbreachthatwemoldedbitumenonthemacadamroad.Fromancienttimestothepresent,Chinahascourierstationandcourierroad,whilethefirstmoreadvanceroadwastheonethatfromLongZhouinGangXitoZhenNanGuanin1906.

ThedifferencebetweenRoadandpath

Thepathistheprojectforeachkindofvehiclesandpeopletopassthrough.Accordingtoitsfunction,wecandivideitintotheurbanroad,theroad,thefactoriesandminespath,theforestroadandcountyroad.

Theclassificationofroad

First,accordingtoadministrativerank,itincludesnationalhighway,provinceroad,countyroadandthespecialroad.Generallythenationalhighwayandprovinceroadarenamedmainline;

thecountyroadisnamedbranchline.

Thenationalroadisthemainlineandhaspoliticalandeconomysignificance,includingtheimportantnationaldefenseroadandtheroadcollectingourcapitalwithotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.Itisalsotheroadlinkstheeconomycenter,seaporthinge,factoryandimportantstrategicplace.Thehighwaystridingoverdifferentprovincesarebuilt,protectedandmanagedbythespecialorganizationswhichareapprovedbytheministryofcommunications.

Theprovincialroadisthemainlinebuilt,protected,managedbytheroadmanagedepartment.Itisfullofpoliticalandeconomicsensetothewholeprovince.

Thesinglewayfourlevelsofroadscanadaptbeloweachdayandnightmedium-dutytruckvolumeoftraffic200.

Thecountyrouteisreferstohascounty-wide（county-levelcity）politics,theeconom-icsignificance,connectsinthecountyandthecountythemaintownship（town）,theprin-cipalcommoditiesproductionandthecollectionanddistributioncenterroad,aswellasdoesnotbelongtothefederalhighway,provincialroad'

scountybordertheroad.Thecoun-tyroutebythecounty,thecityroadDepartmentresponsiblefortheworkisresponsible

toconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.

Thetownshiproadreferstomainlytheroadwhichforthetownship（town）thevilla-geeconomy,theculture,theadministrationserves,aswellasdoesnotbelongtoabovet-hecountyroutebetweenroad'

stownshipandthetownshipandthetownshipandtheexte-riorcontactroad.Townshipisresponsiblebythepeople'

sgovernmenttoconstruct,them-aintenanceandthemanagement.

Thespecial-purposeroadisreferstofeedsspeciallyormainlysuppliesthefactoriesandmines,theforestregion,thefarm,theoilfield,thetouristarea,themilitaryimportantplaceandsoonandtheexternalrelationsroad.Thespecial-purposeroadisresponsiblebythespecial-purposeunittoconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.Mayalsoentrustthelocalroaddepartmenttoconstruct,themaintenanceandthemanagement.

Second,accordingtotheuseduty,thefunctionandadaptsthevolumeoftrafficdivision.

Accordingtoourcountrypresent"

HighwayengineeringTechnicalstandard"

theroadaccordingtotheuseduty,thefunctionandtheadaptationvolumeoftra-fficdividesintohighway,arterialroad,second-classroad,tertiaryhighway,fourlevelofroadfiveranks:

1st,thehighwaytofeedspeciallytheautomobileandshouldcontrolthedifferencec-ompletelyrespectivelytowardthedividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway.

Thefourtrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle'

syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic25000~55000.

Thesixtrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle'

syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic45000~80000.

Theeighttrafficlanehighwaysoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobiler-educepassengervehicle'

syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic60000~100000.

2nd,thearterialroadtosupplytheautomobileandmayaccordingtoneedtocontrolthedifferencerespectivelytowardthedividingstriponroadstravelthemultiplehighway.

Thefourtrafficlanearterialroadsoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilreducepassengervehicle'

syearmeandiurnalvolumeoftraffic15000~30000.

Thesixtrafficlanearterialroadsoughttobeabletoadapteachkindofautomobilereducepassengervehicle'

3rd,thesecond-classroadtosupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-lanehighway.

Canadapteachdayandnights3000~7500medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.4rd,tertiaryhighwaystomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-lanehighway.

Canadapteachdayandnights1000~4000medium-dutytruckvolumeoftrafficgenerally.

The5,fourlevelsofroadstomainlysupplytheautomobiletravelthetwo-laneorthesingle-lanehighway.

Thetwo-lanefourlevelsofroadscanadaptbeloweachdayandnightmedium-dutytruckvolumeoftraffic1500.

HighwayengineeringincludesHighwayplanninglocationdesignandmaintenance.BeforethedesignandconstructionofanewhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertakentheremintbegeneralplaningandconsiderationoffinancingAspartofgeneralplanningitisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedofthereawillbeforaconsiderableperiod,generally20years,andwhatconstructionwillmeetthoseneeds.Toassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactor.Thehighwayengineermustdeterminethemostsuitablelocationlayout,andcapacityofthenewrouteandstructures.Frequently,apreliminarylineorlocationandseveralalternateroutesarestudied.Thedetaileddesignisnormallybegunonlywhenthepreferredlocationhasbeenchosen.

Inselectingthebestroute,carefulconsiderationisgiventothetrafficrequirementsterraintobetraversedvalueoflandneededfortheright-of-way.andestimatedcostofconstructionforthevariousplans.Thephotogrammetricmethod,whichmakesuseofaerialphotographsisusedextensivelytoindicatethecharacteroftheterrainonlargeprojectswhereitismosteconomical.Onsmallproject,

Financingconsiderationsdeterminewhethertheprojectcanbecarriedoutt\tonetimeorwhetherconstructionmustbeinstageswitheachstageinitiatedasfundsbecomeavailab