二语习得(L8).ppt

1、Lesson Eight The universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition,Tasks 1 writing a paper on the topic A comparison between marked rules and unmarked rules,Learner processesThe universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition,What is the universal Hypothesis?The universal hypothesis states t

2、hat language acquisition is governed by the way in which natural language are organized.That is,certain universal linguistic properties influence the order in which the rules of a specific language are acquired.According to the universal hypothesis,then,it is linguistic rather than general cognitive

3、 factors that determine acquisition.,Two approaches of learner processing input1.Using general cognitive strategies which are part of their procedural knowledge and which are used in other forms of learning.These strategies are often referred to as learner strategies.2.Using a special linguistic fac

4、ulty that enables them to operate on the input data in order to discover the L2 rules in maximally efficient ways.This linguistic faculty is referred to as Universal Grammar.(P13),The purpose of this chapter.The importance of study of linguistic universals.The contents of this chapter,The contents o

5、f this chapter,Universal Grammar typological universalsThe role of universals in L1 acquisitionThe role of linguistic universals in SLA effect on grammar formation effect on L1 transferThe problems of the Universal Hypothesis,typological universals 语言类型普遍性“E-方法”（Externalized）Linguistic universals 语言

6、普遍性 universal Grammar 普遍语法“I-方法”（Internalized）,Definition of UGWhy are these properties inherent in the human mind?What exactly are the general principles that apply to all language?,Universal grammar,Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device(LAD).This LAD is made up

7、of a set of general principles called universal grammar.These general principles can be applied to all the languages in the world.,Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基）,The year 1957 saw the publication of Noam Chomskys book Syntactic Structures,which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a new s

8、chool-the transformational generative linguistics,Cook(1985)summarizing the Chomskyan position,defines universal grammar as the properties inherent in the human mind.Universal grammar consists of a set of general principles that apply to all language rather than a set of particular rules.,Why are th

9、ese properties inherent in the human mind?,The poverty of the stimulus 正面数据”(positive evidence)Input insufficient匮乏 负面数据(negative evidence),What exactly are the general principles that apply to all language?,substantive universals 内容普遍现象Universal Grammar formal universals 形式普遍现象,Universal Grammar co

10、nsists of principles and parameters,which are described by means of highly abstract statements relating to general properties of language.(1994:416)Principles refers to highly abstract properties of grammar which apply to language in general and which,therefore,underlie the grammatical rules of all

11、specific languages.The term parameters refers to principles that vary in certain restricted ways from one language to another.That is,they take the form of a finite set of options which individual languages draw on and which define the variation possible between language.,An example of a priciple:su

12、bjcency(邻接)This defines the restrictions that govern how far one phrase can be moved from deep to surface structure.1.What did Randy think?2.What did Randy think his brother had won?3.*What did Randy wonder whether his brother would win?,An example of parameter:pro-dropLanguage vary according to whe

13、ther they forbid the deletion of subject pronouns.English,for example,does not normally delete pronouns:*Is the President of United States.Spanish,on the other hand,permits null pronoun subjects.,Ug also provides a basis for determining markedness.The degree of markedness depends on whether a featur

14、e is part of the core or the periphery.,Core grammar:unmarked,that is,they accord with the general tendencies of language.Periphery rules:marked,that is they are exceptional in some way),core rules(UG)are unmarkedMarkedness periphery rules are marked,Typological universals,Definition:Typological uni

15、versals are identified by examing a representative sample of natural languages in order to identify features that are common to all or most of these languages.Typological universals can consist of absolutes(which occur in all languages)or tendencies(which occur in a large number of languages),absolu

16、tesUniversals tendencies substantiveUniversals formal cluster implicational hierarchy,Substantive:fixed features such as the distinctive phonetic features of which sounds are made,or syntactic categories such as noun,verb,and object.Formal:statements about what grammatical rules are possible.Implica

17、tional:relate the presence of one linguistic feature to the presence of other linguistic Features.Thus,if feature x is present in a given language,it can be assumed that feature y,z n are also present.,An example of hierarchy imlicational universals,Order of pronoun fuctions in relative cluses:SU DO

18、 IO OBL GEN O COMP,Symbol Relative pronoun Example function SU Subject The man that kicked the dogDO Direct object The tree that the man cut downIO Indirect object The man that she cooked cake forOBL Oblique The house that she lives inGEN Genitive The dog whose owner has diedO COMP Object of The man

19、 that I am richer than comparative,The role of universals in L1 acquisition,1.Grammar construction is constrained by the operation of Universal Grammar,which regulates the options the child has to choose from.That is,hypothesis formation is constrained by innate principles.2.Regularities in the orde

20、r of development can be explained only by considering both Universal Grammar and channel capacity.A distinction can be made between development(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar)3.Universal grammr may unfold as a maturational schedule,as sugge

21、sted by Felix(1984),or it may be activated piecemeal in accordance with the data that the child perceive at different developmental stages,as suggested by White(1981).,4.The child is likely to learn unmarked rules before marked rules;he constructs a core grammar before a peripheral grammar.5.The chi

22、ld possesses a projective capacity.This enables one rule to trigger off other rules with which it is implicationally linked,and also enables rules to be acquired when no direct evidence for them has been supplied by the input.,1.Grammar construction is constrained by the operation of Universal Gramm

23、ar,which regulates the options the child has to choose from.That is,hypothesis formation is constrained by innate principles.Unniversal Grammar is the solution to what is called the logical problem of language acquisition.Cook(1985)no negative feedback.(P197),2.Regularities in the order of developme

24、nt can be explained only by considering both Universal Grammar and channel capacity.A distinction can be made between development(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar),Channel capacityChannel capacity refers to the language learners ability to pr

25、ocess utterance.Processing language in both comprehension and production involves more than just knowing the rules of the language.It also involves being able to recover the rules from memory and to use them easily and spontaneously.Learners in the early stages of development are likely to experienc

26、e difficulty in accessing and using their knowledges,with the result that they have limited channel capacity.,development(actual progress)and acquisition(the idialized learning that results from universal Grammar)Chomsky makes a distinction between development and acquisition.The former is real time

27、 learning that is affected by language processing abilities,while the latter is pure learning that is dependent entirely on the learners acquistion device.Thus development is a reflection of both general cognitive abilities and the acquisition device.,3.Universal grammr may unfold as a maturational

28、schedule,as suggested by Felix(1984),or it may be activated piecemeal in accordance with the data that the child perceive at different developmental stages,as suggested by White(1981).Felix proposes that the principles of Universal Grammar are themselves subject to an innately specified developmenta

29、l process.That is,the principles of Universal Grammar gradually unfold over time in much the same way as teeth grow.,4.The child is likely to learn unmarked rules before marked rules;he constructs a core grammar before a peripheral grammar.Minimal Distance principle.This states that the subject of a

30、n infinitival complement will be that noun phrase to the immediate left of the infinitive.5.John told Bill to leave.6.John promised Bill to leave.7.John asked Bill to leave.8.John asked Bill what to do.,5.The child possesses a projective capacity.This enables one rule to trigger off other rules with

31、 which it is implicationally linked,and also enables rules to be acquired when no direct evidence for them has been supplied by the input.,Projection deviceZobl(1984)has suggested that one component of the acquisition device is projection device.This acts as a trigger,enabling the learner to acquire

32、 any rule or rules that are implicated by the prior acquisition,Linguistic universals and SLA,Linguistic universals in interlanguage developmentAll these studies show that language universals may influence how L2 grammars are formed.There is evidence to show that universals place constraints on inte

33、rlanguage,that acquisition may follow the hierarchical ordering of features,and that unmarked or less marked features are acquired before marked or more marked features.,1.Acquisition minus maturation2.Chnnel capacity still seems to play a part in some aspects of SLA3.Hypothesis testing in SLA is acceptable only in the sense that the learner uses positive evidence to fix the parameters set by Univ