二语习得(L8).ppt

二语习得(L8).ppt

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LessonEightTheuniversalHypothesisandSecondLanguageAcquisition,Tasks1writingapaperonthetopicAcomparisonbetweenmarkedrulesandunmarkedrules,LearnerprocessesTheuniversalHypothesisandSecondLanguageAcquisition,WhatistheuniversalHypothesis?

Theuniversalhypothesisstatesthatlanguageacquisitionisgovernedbythewayinwhichnaturallanguageareorganized.Thatis,certainuniversallinguisticpropertiesinfluencetheorderinwhichtherulesofaspecificlanguageareacquired.Accordingtotheuniversalhypothesis,then,itislinguisticratherthangeneralcognitivefactorsthatdetermineacquisition.,Twoapproachesoflearnerprocessinginput1.Usinggeneralcognitivestrategieswhicharepartoftheirproceduralknowledgeandwhichareusedinotherformsoflearning.Thesestrategiesareoftenreferredtoaslearnerstrategies.2.UsingaspeciallinguisticfacultythatenablesthemtooperateontheinputdatainordertodiscovertheL2rulesinmaximallyefficientways.ThislinguisticfacultyisreferredtoasUniversalGrammar.（P13）,Thepurposeofthischapter.Theimportanceofstudyoflinguisticuniversals.Thecontentsofthischapter,Thecontentsofthischapter,UniversalGrammartypologicaluniversalsTheroleofuniversalsinL1acquisitionTheroleoflinguisticuniversalsinSLAeffectongrammarformationeffectonL1transferTheproblemsoftheUniversalHypothesis,typologicaluniversals语言类型普遍性“E-方法”（Externalized）Linguisticuniversals语言普遍性universalGrammar普遍语法“I-方法”（Internalized）,DefinitionofUGWhyarethesepropertiesinherentinthehumanmind?

Whatexactlyarethegeneralprinciplesthatapplytoalllanguage?

Universalgrammar,Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice（LAD）.ThisLADismadeupofasetofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Thesegeneralprinciplescanbeappliedtoallthelanguagesintheworld.,NoamChomsky（乔姆斯基）,Theyear1957sawthepublicationofNoamChomskysbookSyntacticStructures,whichstartedarevolutioninthelinguisticworldandusheredinanewschool-thetransformationalgenerativelinguistics,Cook（1985）summarizingtheChomskyanposition,definesuniversalgrammarasthepropertiesinherentinthehumanmind.Universalgrammarconsistsofasetofgeneralprinciplesthatapplytoalllanguageratherthanasetofparticularrules.,Whyarethesepropertiesinherentinthehumanmind?

Thepovertyofthestimulus正面数据”（positiveevidence）Inputinsufficient匮乏负面数据（negativeevidence）,Whatexactlyarethegeneralprinciplesthatapplytoalllanguage?

substantiveuniversals内容普遍现象UniversalGrammarformaluniversals形式普遍现象,UniversalGrammarconsistsofprinciplesandparameters,whicharedescribedbymeansofhighlyabstractstatementsrelatingtogeneralpropertiesoflanguage.（1994:

416）Principlesreferstohighlyabstractpropertiesofgrammarwhichapplytolanguageingeneralandwhich,therefore,underliethegrammaticalrulesofallspecificlanguages.Thetermparametersreferstoprinciplesthatvaryincertainrestrictedwaysfromonelanguagetoanother.Thatis,theytaketheformofafinitesetofoptionswhichindividuallanguagesdrawonandwhichdefinethevariationpossiblebetweenlanguage.,Anexampleofapriciple:

subjcency（邻接）Thisdefinestherestrictionsthatgovernhowfaronephrasecanbemovedfromdeeptosurfacestructure.1.WhatdidRandythink?

2.WhatdidRandythinkhisbrotherhadwon?

3.*WhatdidRandywonderwhetherhisbrotherwouldwin?

Anexampleofparameter:

pro-dropLanguagevaryaccordingtowhethertheyforbidthedeletionofsubjectpronouns.English,forexample,doesnotnormallydeletepronouns:

*IsthePresidentofUnitedStates.Spanish,ontheotherhand,permitsnullpronounsubjects.,Ugalsoprovidesabasisfordeterminingmarkedness.Thedegreeofmarkednessdependsonwhetherafeatureispartofthecoreortheperiphery.,Coregrammar:

unmarked,thatis,theyaccordwiththegeneraltendenciesoflanguage.Peripheryrules:

marked,thatistheyareexceptionalinsomeway）,corerules（UG）areunmarkedMarkednessperipheryrulesaremarked,Typologicaluniversals,Definition:

Typologicaluniversalsareidentifiedbyexamingarepresentativesampleofnaturallanguagesinordertoidentifyfeaturesthatarecommontoallormostoftheselanguages.Typologicaluniversalscanconsistofabsolutes（whichoccurinalllanguages）ortendencies（whichoccurinalargenumberoflanguages）,absolutesUniversalstendenciessubstantiveUniversalsformalclusterimplicationalhierarchy,Substantive:

fixedfeaturessuchasthedistinctivephoneticfeaturesofwhichsoundsaremade,orsyntacticcategoriessuchasnoun,verb,andobject.Formal:

statementsaboutwhatgrammaticalrulesarepossible.Implicational:

relatethepresenceofonelinguisticfeaturetothepresenceofotherlinguisticFeatures.Thus,iffeaturexispresentinagivenlanguage,itcanbeassumedthatfeaturey,znarealsopresent.,Anexampleofhierarchyimlicationaluniversals,Orderofpronounfuctionsinrelativecluses:

SUDOIOOBLGENOCOMP,SymbolRelativepronounExamplefunctionSUSubjectThemanthatkickedthedogDODirectobjectThetreethatthemancutdownIOIndirectobjectThemanthatshecookedcakeforOBLObliqueThehousethatshelivesinGENGenitiveThedogwhoseownerhasdiedOCOMPObjectofThemanthatIamricherthancomparative,TheroleofuniversalsinL1acquisition,1.GrammarconstructionisconstrainedbytheoperationofUniversalGrammar,whichregulatestheoptionsthechildhastochoosefrom.Thatis,hypothesisformationisconstrainedbyinnateprinciples.2.RegularitiesintheorderofdevelopmentcanbeexplainedonlybyconsideringbothUniversalGrammarandchannelcapacity.Adistinctioncanbemadebetweendevelopment（actualprogress）andacquisition（theidializedlearningthatresultsfromuniversalGrammar）3.Universalgrammrmayunfoldasamaturationalschedule,assuggestedbyFelix（1984）,oritmaybeactivatedpiecemealinaccordancewiththedatathatthechildperceiveatdifferentdevelopmentalstages,assuggestedbyWhite（1981）.,4.Thechildislikelytolearnunmarkedrulesbeforemarkedrules;heconstructsacoregrammarbeforeaperipheralgrammar.5.Thechildpossessesaprojectivecapacity.Thisenablesoneruletotriggeroffotherruleswithwhichitisimplicationallylinked,andalsoenablesrulestobeacquiredwhennodirectevidenceforthemhasbeensuppliedbytheinput.,1.GrammarconstructionisconstrainedbytheoperationofUniversalGrammar,whichregulatestheoptionsthechildhastochoosefrom.Thatis,hypothesisformationisconstrainedbyinnateprinciples.UnniversalGrammaristhesolutiontowhatiscalledthelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisition.Cook（1985）nonegativefeedback.（P197）,2.RegularitiesintheorderofdevelopmentcanbeexplainedonlybyconsideringbothUniversalGrammarandchannelcapacity.Adistinctioncanbemadebetweendevelopment（actualprogress）andacquisition（theidializedlearningthatresultsfromuniversalGrammar）,ChannelcapacityChannelcapacityreferstothelanguagelearnersabilitytoprocessutterance.Processinglanguageinbothcomprehensionandproductioninvolvesmorethanjustknowingtherulesofthelanguage.Italsoinvolvesbeingabletorecovertherulesfrommemoryandtousethemeasilyandspontaneously.Learnersintheearlystagesofdevelopmentarelikelytoexperiencedifficultyinaccessingandusingtheirknowledges,withtheresultthattheyhavelimitedchannelcapacity.,development（actualprogress）andacquisition（theidializedlearningthatresultsfromuniversalGrammar）Chomskymakesadistinctionbetweendevelopmentandacquisition.Theformerisrealtimelearningthatisaffectedbylanguageprocessingabilities,whilethelatterispurelearningthatisdependententirelyonthelearnersacquistiondevice.Thusdevelopmentisareflectionofbothgeneralcognitiveabilitiesandtheacquisitiondevice.,3.Universalgrammrmayunfoldasamaturationalschedule,assuggestedbyFelix（1984）,oritmaybeactivatedpiecemealinaccordancewiththedatathatthechildperceiveatdifferentdevelopmentalstages,assuggestedbyWhite（1981）.FelixproposesthattheprinciplesofUniversalGrammararethemselvessubjecttoaninnatelyspecifieddevelopmentalprocess.Thatis,theprinciplesofUniversalGrammargraduallyunfoldovertimeinmuchthesamewayasteethgrow.,4.Thechildislikelytolearnunmarkedrulesbeforemarkedrules;heconstructsacoregrammarbeforeaperipheralgrammar.MinimalDistanceprinciple.Thisstatesthatthesubjectofaninfinitivalcomplementwillbethatnounphrasetotheimmediateleftoftheinfinitive.5.JohntoldBilltoleave.6.JohnpromisedBilltoleave.7.JohnaskedBilltoleave.8.JohnaskedBillwhattodo.,5.Thechildpossessesaprojectivecapacity.Thisenablesoneruletotriggeroffotherruleswithwhichitisimplicationallylinked,andalsoenablesrulestobeacquiredwhennodirectevidenceforthemhasbeensuppliedbytheinput.,ProjectiondeviceZobl（1984）hassuggestedthatonecomponentoftheacquisitiondeviceisprojectiondevice.Thisactsasatrigger,enablingthelearnertoacquireanyruleorrulesthatareimplicatedbytheprioracquisition,LinguisticuniversalsandSLA,LinguisticuniversalsininterlanguagedevelopmentAllthesestudiesshowthatlanguageuniversalsmayinfluencehowL2grammarsareformed.Thereisevidencetoshowthatuniversalsplaceconstraintsoninterlanguage,thatacquisitionmayfollowthehierarchicalorderingoffeatures,andthatunmarkedorlessmarkedfeaturesareacquiredbeforemarkedormoremarkedfeatures.,1.Acquisitionminusmaturation2.ChnnelcapacitystillseemstoplayapartinsomeaspectsofSLA3.HypothesistestinginSLAisacceptableonlyinthesensethatthelearnerusespositiveevidencetofixtheparameterssetbyUniv