GRE作文笔记小宝Word格式文档下载.docx

1、 3、结尾段：总结归纳 三、如何写开头段 发起攻击 CEF=conclusion + evidence + flaw C: 80%的题目结论在段首末句，10%在段中，10%先提出一个结论然后自己再攻击自己的结论 四、开头写法：1. Merely based on the unfounded assumptions and dubious（suspicious） evidence, the statement draws the conclusion that . To substantiate （support/strengthen） the conclusion, the arguer po

2、ints out the evidence that In addition, he indicates that Furthermore, he cites a result of recent survey in support of his recommendation. At first glance （sight）, this argument appears to （seems to ） be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits substantiate concerns that sh

3、ould be addressed in the argument. From the logical perspective, the argument suffers from N logical flaws. 2. In this argument, the author concluded that To support his conclusion, the author points out that In addition, he infers that Furthermore, the arguer cites as a typical evidence in support

4、of his recommendation. However, these alone do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion, and fails to provide convincing evidence making this argument sound and invulnerable. 五、如何写正文段 顺序式攻击（1-2-3）； 主次式攻击（主要-次要）；让步式攻击（逻辑排列） A不成立；即使A成立，B也不成立；即使A,B都成立，C还是不成立。六、正文段首句 1. The threshold

5、 problem with this argument is that 2. Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that 3. Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in this argument. 七、如何写结尾段： 总结陈词：C+S=conclusion+suggestion 八、结尾段的具体写法：To sum up, this arguer fails to substant

6、iate his claim that, because the evidence he cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the argument maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more information with regard to .（S1）. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that （S2）. Therefor

7、e, if the argument had included the given（assumed） factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable. 九、各个逻辑错误：1、调查类错误： 攻击体系： （1） Procedure B. Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are no

8、t reliable to gauge （access） generally （universally）. The number of responds / samples , in itself, does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the samples includes only, then the results would no doubt suggest Or if the grosses are considerable, 1500（N） would account for only little percent

9、age, which would render the result of the survey meaningless. C. We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous, even confidential, if they were not （2） Result of survey A. Do the statistics make any meaningfulness?B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?C. Respondents （3）Who conduc

10、ted the survey? Cross-bencher 第三方机构 Non-aligned 客观的 （4）When was the survey conducted?A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enoug

11、h in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey it does, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels. （5）调查类错误词汇：1.n. survey, questionnaire, statistics, statistical study, sample, specimen（样本）,

12、 sampling, randomness, quantity, quality, statistic, poll, absolute value, percentage, validity, statistic validity, range, spectrum, scope 2. v. select, chose, sample, indagate（调查，采样）, examine, investigate, scrutinize（仔细检查）, comprise 3. adj. valid, authentic, random, quantitative, statistical, repr

13、esentative, typical, characteristic, far-ranging, comprehensive, extensive, generally, universally, rifely（普遍的） 2.充分条件类错误： 充分类标志词：once, will （be going to ） 必要类标志词：only, without, necessary Ex. The editors recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors on the assumption that no factors other

14、 than A caused B. However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors , including C or D, might be the cause of B. （To be specific, .）. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A- can B-.（解决之后的转

15、述） 条件类错误必用词汇： 1. n. condition, requirement, necessity, sufficient condition, sufficiency, outcome, aftermath 2. v. constitute, establish, suffice, result in, induce, render, exclude 3 adj. sufficient, necessary, perforce（adv.必要性）, required 3. 因果关系类错误： 因果关系错误标志词：for, cause, reason, since, link, corre

16、lation, connection, therefore, and 时序性因果：because, after this, since then, therefore, consequent Ex. Based on the fact that A occurred after B. the editor infers that B should be responsible for A. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice（证明） to prove that the earlier develo

17、pment caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead:C,D,E.- to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between A and B, upon which the editors recommendation depends. 同时因果类错误：meanw

18、hile, also, with, during, under, over, parallel 因果关系写作： n. relation, causation（因果联系）, relevancy, conjunction, connection, nexus（联系）, association, linkage v. associate, link, connect, relate to, ignore, neglect, lose sight of adj. Relation, relevant, causal, related, sequent, traceable 4. 范围变化类错误 表征现

19、象：a/题干引言与正文现象之间的范围变化；b/正文内部论据与论据之间的范围变化 标志词：Nationwide, statewide, throughout, overall, across, average（一般是名词上的偷换） （1） 攻击“概念错误” A threshold problem involves the definition of A. The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B, then C, is irrelevant to In short, without a clear de

20、finition of A, it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument. （2） 攻击个体推整体 The argument resets on the assumption that （个体案例） typify nationwide （整体情况）. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that （在另一个地方， 上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况）. Thus, lacking more marketing information about nation

21、wide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation. （3）攻击整体推个体 One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide （characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group） statistics about applies equally to 个体成员,. Yet this might not be the case, for a var

22、iety of possible reasons. Perhaps ; or perhaps . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that （4）范围变化类错误词汇： n. scope, localization, diversity, variety, individual, unit, whole v. extend, expand, broaden, enlarge, spread, shrink（缩水）, differentiate, distinguish ad

23、j. overall, generally, extensive（整体的）, entire, diverse, dissimilar, multiplex（多元的） 5.考虑不全面错误 （1）没有考虑正负得失 （2）没有考虑可行性 profit, profitable, profitability Profit错误体系： The author concludes that is unwarranted. Profit is a factor relating to not only revenue, but also cost. Its entirely possible that the c

24、ost of A, or other cost associated with B,C, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other unexpected occurrences, such as unfavorable economic depression, might prevent from being as profitable as the argument predicts. 考虑不全的词汇: n. disadvantage, drawback, demerit, advantage, me

25、rit, value, worthiness, pros and cons （正反两面）, revenue, income, gap, proceeds（收入）, profit, margin, gain, cost, feasibility（可行性） v. consider, balance, weigh, compare adj. all-round（全面的）= all-sided, one-sided（片面的）, unilateral（片面的） 6.时间外推类错误 （1）过去 不可以 推出 将来 （2）现在 不可以 推出 将来 Tow years age, last year Trend

26、, tendency, continue, remain, stay 体系： The author claims that（将来）, because （过去）. This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between （过去） and （将来）. For example, （将来）; however, （过去）. Any of these scenarios

27、 if true, would serve to undermine the claim that. 词汇： n. trend, tendency, direction, fixedness, diversification v. forecast, anticipate, expect, continue, remain, alter, inflect, shift（shift from to ）, transfer adj. by past, fore past（过去的）, current, present, intending, continued, changeless, unalte

28、red, variable 7.论据含糊： （1）含有主观性词汇：promise, guess （2）关联型FA 词汇归纳：vague, invalid, void, ill-defined, indistinct, unclear 8.错误类比 （1）FA错误 （2）不完整比较 （3）横比/纵比 similar, same, nearby, neighboring两个行业名称，两个公司，两个国家 题干引言题目正文 题目正文：论据结论 两错误叠加 The arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between

29、A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that （A与B得差异）, in short, without accounting for such possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot prove that B will reap（收割） the similar benefits from the proposed met

30、hod. n. analogy, comparison, similarity, comparability, parallelism（相似性） adj. analogically, homologous, analogous, distinct, dissimilar, disparate（完全不相关） v. resemble, differ, vary, distinguish, discriminate, secern（区分） 9.非此即彼类错误 （难）因为原理有两个： 原理1. 对于question:有AB两个reasons, AB可能都不是真正原因，而C是 原理2. 对于question:有AB两个reasons，AB可能都是原因|”A,B can be coexist.” either or 1、全否定：Even a