GRE作文笔记小宝Word格式文档下载.docx
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3、结尾段：
总结归纳
三、如何写开头段
发起攻击
CEF=conclusion+evidence+flaw
C:
80%的题目结论在段首末句，10%在段中，10%先提出一个结论然后自己再攻击自己
的结论
四、开头写法：
1.Merelybasedontheunfoundedassumptionsanddubious（suspicious）evidence,thestatement
drawstheconclusionthat….Tosubstantiate（support/strengthen）theconclusion,thearguer
pointsouttheevidencethat…Inaddition,heindicatesthat…Furthermore,hecitesaresultof
recentsurveyinsupportofhisrecommendation.Atfirstglance（sight）,thisargumentappearsto
（seemsto）besomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssubstantiate
concernsthatshouldbeaddressedintheargument.Fromthelogicalperspective,theargument
suffersfromNlogicalflaws.
2.Inthisargument,theauthorconcludedthat…Tosupporthisconclusion,theauthorpointsout
that…Inaddition,heinfersthat…Furthermore,thearguercites…asatypicalevidencein
supportofhisrecommendation.However,thesealonedonotconstitutealogicalargumentin
favorofitsconclusion,andfailstoprovideconvincingevidencemakingthisargumentsoundand
invulnerable.
五、如何写正文段
顺序式攻击（1-2-3）；
主次式攻击（主要-次要）；
让步式攻击（逻辑排列）
A不成立；
即使A成立，B也不成立；
即使A,B都成立，C还是不成立。
六、正文段首句
1.Thethresholdproblemwiththisargumentisthat…
2.Anotherproblemthatweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthat…
3.BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutthelastflawinvolvedinthis
argument.
七、如何写结尾段：
总结陈词：
C+S=conclusion+suggestion
八、结尾段的具体写法：
Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiatehisclaimthat…,becausetheevidencehecitedinthe
analysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhattheargumentmaintains.Tomaketheargument
moreconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto….（S1）.
Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat…（S2）.Therefore,iftheargumenthadincluded
thegiven（assumed）factorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogically
acceptable.
九、各个逻辑错误：
1、调查类错误：
攻击体系：
（1）Procedure
B.Unlessthesurveyorsampledasufficientnumberof…anddidsorandomlyacrosstheentire
spectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge（access）…generally（universally）.The
numberofresponds/samples,initself,doesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthe
samplesincludesonly…,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest…Orifthegrossesare
considerable,1500（N）wouldaccountforonlylittlepercentage,whichwouldrendertheresultof
thesurveymeaningless.
C.Wearenotinformedwhetherthesurveyresponsesareanonymous,evenconfidential,ifthey
werenot…
（2）Resultofsurvey
A.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfulness?
B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?
C.Respondents
（3）Whoconductedthesurvey?
Cross-bencher第三方机构
Non-aligned客观的
（4）Whenwasthesurveyconducted?
Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlythesurveywas
actuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,the
samplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthat
thesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitdoes,thelessreliabletheresults
toindicatecurrentinterestlevels.
（5）调查类错误词汇：
1.n.survey,questionnaire,statistics,statisticalstudy,sample,specimen（样本）,sampling,
randomness,quantity,quality,statistic,poll,absolutevalue,percentage,validity,statisticvalidity,
range,spectrum,scope
2.v.select,chose,sample,indagate（调查，采样）,examine,investigate,scrutinize（仔细检查）,
comprise
3.adj.valid,authentic,random,quantitative,statistical,representative,typical,characteristic,
far-ranging,comprehensive,extensive,generally,universally,rifely（普遍的）
2.充分条件类错误：
充分类标志词：
once,will（begoingto）
必要类标志词：
only,without,necessary
Ex.Theeditor’srecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsonthe
assumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthis
assumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,includingCorD,mightbethecauseofB.
（Tobespecific,…..）.Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannot
justifiablyconcludethatonlybyA-canB-.（解决之后的转述）
条件类错误必用词汇：
1.n.condition,requirement,necessity,sufficientcondition,sufficiency,outcome,aftermath
2.v.constitute,establish,suffice,resultin,induce,render,exclude
3adj.sufficient,necessary,perforce（adv.必要性）,required
3.因果关系类错误：
因果关系错误标志词：
for,cause,reason,since,link,correlation,connection,therefore,and
时序性因果：
because,afterthis,sincethen,therefore,consequent
Ex.BasedonthefactthatAoccurredafterB.theeditorinfersthatBshouldberesponsible
forA.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsuffice（证明）toprovethatthe
earlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Itmighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:
C,D,E….-tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariossuchasthese,theeditorcannot
establishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenAandB,uponwhichtheeditor’s
recommendationdepends.
同时因果类错误：
meanwhile,also,with,during,under,over,parallel
因果关系写作：
n.relation,causation（因果联系）,relevancy,conjunction,connection,nexus（联系）,
association,linkage
v.associate,link,connect,relateto,ignore,neglect,losesightof
adj.Relation,relevant,causal,related,sequent,traceable
4.范围变化类错误
表征现象：
a/题干引言与正文现象之间的范围变化；
b/正文内部论据与论据之间的范围
变化
标志词：
Nationwide,statewide,throughout,overall,across,average…（一般是名词上的偷
换）
（1）攻击“概念错误”
AthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.
IfAisdefinedasB,thenC,isirrelevantto…Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionofA,itis
impossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.
（2）攻击个体推整体
Theargumentresetsontheassumptionthat（个体案例）typifynationwide（整体情况）.If
thisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat（在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生
相同的情况）.Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout…nationwide,itisdifficultto
assessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.
（3）攻击整体推个体
Oneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide（characteristicsofa
groupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup）statisticsabout…appliesequallyto个体成员,.Yet
thismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps…;
orperhaps….Without
rulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat…
（4）范围变化类错误词汇：
n.scope,localization,diversity,variety,individual,unit,whole
v.extend,expand,broaden,enlarge,spread,shrink（缩水）,differentiate,distinguish
adj.overall,generally,extensive（整体的）,entire,diverse,dissimilar,multiplex（多元的）
5.考虑不全面错误
（1）没有考虑正负得失
（2）没有考虑可行性
profit,profitable,profitability
Profit错误体系：
Theauthorconcludesthat…isunwarranted.Profitisafactorrelatingtonotonlyrevenue,
butalsocost.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostofA,orothercostassociatedwithB,C,willoffset,
evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherunexpectedoccurrences,suchas
unfavorableeconomicdepression,mightprevent…frombeingasprofitableastheargument
predicts.
考虑不全的词汇:
n.disadvantage,drawback,demerit,advantage,merit,value,worthiness,prosandcons（正
反两面）,revenue,income,gap,proceeds（收入）,profit,margin,gain,cost,feasibility（可行性）
v.consider,balance,weigh,compare
adj.all-round（全面的）=all-sided,one-sided（片面的）,unilateral（片面的）
6.时间外推类错误
（1）过去不可以推出将来
（2）现在不可以推出将来
Towyearsage,lastyear
Trend,tendency,continue,remain,stay
体系：
Theauthorclaimsthat…（将来）,because…（过去）.Thisassumptionisunwarrantedbecause
thingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodoftime.Therearelikelyallkindsof
differencebetween（过去）and（将来）.Forexample,…（将来）;
however,…（过去）.Anyofthese
scenariosiftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat….
词汇：
n.trend,tendency,direction,fixedness,diversification
v.forecast,anticipate,expect,continue,remain,alter,inflect,shift（shiftfrom…to…）,
transfer
adj.bypast,forepast（过去的）,current,present,intending,continued,changeless,
unaltered,variable
7.论据含糊：
（1）含有主观性词汇：
promise,guess…
（2）关联型FA
词汇归纳：
vague,invalid,void,ill-defined,indistinct,unclear
8.错误类比
（1）FA错误
（2）不完整比较
（3）横比/纵比
similar,same,nearby,neighboring…两个行业名称，两个公司，两个国家
题干引言————题目正文
题目正文：
论据————结论
两错误叠加
Thearguer’srecommendationreliesonwhatmightbeapooranalogybetweenAandB.The
analogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat…inbothAandBaresimilar.However,itis
entirelypossiblethat…（A与B得差异）,inshort,withoutaccountingforsuchpossibledifferences
betweenAandB,thearguercannotprovethatBwillreap（收割）thesimilarbenefitsfromthe
proposedmethod.
n.analogy,comparison,similarity,comparability,parallelism（相似性）
adj.analogically,homologous,analogous,distinct,dissimilar,disparate（完全不相关）
v.resemble,differ,vary,distinguish,discriminate,secern（区分）
9.非此即彼类错误
（难）因为原理有两个：
原理1.对于question:
有AB两个reasons,AB可能都不是真正原因，而C是
原理2.对于question:
有AB两个reasons，AB可能都是原因|”A,Bcanbecoexist.”
either…or…
1、全否定：
Evena
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