Literary History of the United StatesWord文件下载.docx

1、专业 Material scienceContentsAbstractAmericas history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until Americas independence, did Americ

2、ans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represent

3、ed by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Roman

4、tics. But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature b

5、egan. Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature 摘要从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大影响。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始发展。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的时代是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，

6、产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了现代文学阶段。关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan litera

7、ture; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern literature. Americas history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. Am

8、erican literature,like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent

9、 situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began.1. Colonial and early American literature1.1. Travelers and ExplorersWhen the E

10、uropean explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore

11、belongs to the category of oral literature,” （Wu Dingbo, 1） As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed in. They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second Eden. No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel

12、accounts written by European adventurers. Among the most remained were Captain John Smiths True Relation of Virginia （1608）, and Description of New England （1616）.1.2 Pilgrim settlementsSeveral years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New World. This group was looking for the James

13、town settlement. However, because of bad navigation, they landed in Massachusetts. They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown settlement. They wanted to start a new world governed by the Bible. They were called Puritans because they

14、 wanted to live a better life by making themselves pure. They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth. This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the first Americans.The most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet （1612-1672）. Her poems in Tenth

15、 Muse Lately Sprung Up In America （1650） reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her strong belief in God.2. 18th centurythe Age of reason2.1 The Age of reasonIn the 18th century, people believed in mans own nature and the powe

16、r of human reason. With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason. Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense （1776） of Thomas Paine （1737-1809）. Its the ringing call for the decoration of liberty. He also wrote Crisis （1774-1783） and The Age of Reason （

17、1794-1796）, according to Wu, “He thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ground. ” （Wu Dingbo, 12） The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in Americas separation from England. And of course for all the Americans, the most important document from this period was a

18、 single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence （1776）, mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible, churchmen, authorities, or practice and experience. 2.2 Early National LiteratureDuring the period

19、 of American Revolution War, American national literature came into being. Since before the war, American people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary poems. The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets gro

20、w up both culturally and artistically. Furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national literature. From this moment on, American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“. 3. The flourishing of American literature in 19th century3.1Early RomanticsIn

21、 early 19th century, Washington Irving （1783-1859）, the person born with the new nation, his The Sketch Book created a new style of American literatureshort novel. James Fenimore Cooper （1789-1851） His Leather-Stocking novels told us a story about how the brave immigrants fight with savage using wha

22、t they have learnt from nature.Another famous writer of this time was William Cullen Bryant （1794-1878）, he was regarded one of the earliest naturalist poets in American history. His greatest poem Thanatopsis was published in the North American Review in 1817. He appreciates normal birds and flowers

23、, through which appreciated harmonious relationship between human and nature. The Romantics emphasized individualism and they thought feelings and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. 3.2 The Transcendentalism “The New England Transcendentalism was romantic idealism on puritan

24、soil” （Wu Dingbo: 28）. It stressed the power of intuition placed spirit first, and it took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. There were three main features of Transcendentalism were Unitarianism, idealistic philosophy, and oriental mysticism.Ralph Waldo Emerson （1803-1882）, the leader of American

25、 Transcendentalism. “He captained a group of enthusiast and formed a transcendental club with them. He also helped to set up and edited the transcendentalist journal The Dial. ” He had written many famous essays. Among the best are Nature and The American Scholar, which has been called “Americas Dec

26、laration of Intellectual Independence”. Emerson wrote in The American Scholar （1837）, a man must learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within. The main key to this inner world is the imagination. Mans imagination leads to expression. Our expression makes ea

27、ch of us a unique human. Romanticism became the way of thinking for this generation of writers.Henry David Thoreau was also one of the writers of Transcendentalism, and his famous essay was Walden, in which he revealed the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyones life, and to considerate the purs

28、uit of material things. 4. Local Color And Realism: A New Flavor to American Literature4.1Local Color Fiction and Mark TwainLocal Color Fiction first appeared in the early 19th century, and it had further developing after the Civil War. This kind of literature mainly describes the local life. Its ke

29、ynote was optimistic, and the language was narrative and humorous. For example, the work of Bret Harte （1836-1902） told us the life of American western miners. Mark Twain was the main writer of this period. He wrote for nearly 50 years, and he had actually written many different types of stories. Ne

30、vertheless, Twain is remembered most for The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （1876）, Life on the Mississippi （1884） and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （1884）. The characters he created were humorous and full of wittiness.Mark Twains work was regarded the witness of Americas pure local life. According t

31、o Calkins, “Few American writers have written the same after reading Twain, for he has helped change the entire country with his humor and skillful story telling.” （Carroll C.Calkins, 124）.4.2 Rise of RealismRomantic writers focused on the development of plot, make the story as interesting and attra

32、ctive as possible, while realism writers emphasized the characterization of characters, focused on objectivity rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. William Dean Howells （1837-1920） insisted that Realism was the truthful treatment of material moral problems of society. And in O.Henry （1862-1910）s fictions, all his characters were common people and always had an ironical and surprised ending.There was another style of writing