Literary History of the United StatesWord文件下载.docx
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专业Materialscience
Contents
Abstract
America’shistoryofliteraturebeganwiththeswarminginofimmigrantswithdifferentbackgroundandcultures.Afterthat,AmericanliteraturehadbeengreatlyinfluencedbytheEuropeancultureforalongperiod.ItwasnotuntilAmerica’sindependence,didAmericansrealizedthattheyneednationalliteraturestrongly,andAmericanliteraturebegantodeveloped.TheCivilWarwasawatershedinthehistory,afterwhichAmericanliteratureenteredaperiodoffullblooming.Romantics,whichemphasizedindividualismandintuitionandTnscendentalismrepresentedbyEmersoncameoutintobeing.ThiswasanexcitingperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Liketheflowersofspring,thereweresuddenlymanydifferentkindsofwritingatthesametime.TheyhavegivendepthandstrengthtoAmericanliterature,andacceleratedtheformingofHighRomantics.ButduetotheinfluenceofCivilWar,theAmericansocietywasinaturbulentsituation.Thewritingsaboutlocallife,criticalrealismandunveilingthedarksideofthesocietywereincreased.AfterTheFirstWorldWar,Americanswereatalosspostwar,andtheModernAmericanliteraturebegan.
Keywords:
NationalLiterature,Romanism,Transcendentalism,LocalColor,Realism,Modernliterature
摘要
从殖民地时期起,欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。
这往后很长一段时期,美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大影响。
一直到美国独立后,美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要,美国的民族文学开始发展。
南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭,战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期,产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义,和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。
爱默生的时代是美国前所未有的文学变动时代,产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。
他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量,也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。
但是由于战争的影响,社会动荡不安,这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面,同时美国的民族文学进一步发展,创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。
一战后,美国人陷入战后的茫然,美国也开始进入了现代文学阶段。
关键词:
民族文学,浪漫主义,超验主义,本土色彩,现实主义,现代文学
TheprocessofAmericanliteraturecanbedividedintofollowingmainperiods:
ColonyandPuritanliterature;
earlynationalliterature;
latternationalliteratureandModernliterature.
America’shistoryofliteraturebeganwiththeswarminginofimmigrantswithdifferentbackgroundandcultures.Afterthat,AmericanliteraturehadbeengreatlyinfluencedbytheEuropeancultureforalongperiod.Americanliterature,liketheflowersofspring,thereweresuddenlymanydifferentkindsofwritingatthesametime.TheyhavegivendepthandstrengthtoAmericanliterature,andacceleratedtheformingofHighRomantics.
ButduetotheinfluenceifCivilWar,theAmericansocietywasinaturbulentsituation.Thewritingsaboutlocallife,criticalrealismandunveilingthedarksideofthesocietywereincreased.AfterTheFirstWorldWar,Americanswereatalosspostwar,andtheModernAmericanliteraturebegan.
1.ColonialandearlyAmericanliterature
1.1.TravelersandExplorers
WhentheEuropeanexplorersfirstcametothisnewcontinent,thenativeIndianswhoprobablygotherefromAsiaaboutfifteenthousandyearsagowerestillinorigin,andtheyevenhadnowrittenlanguage,“Thetraditionalliteraturewasoriginallytransmittedalmostentirelybywordofmouth,andthereforebelongstothecategoryoforalliterature,”(WuDingbo,1)Astimepast,moreandmoretravelersandexplorersswarmedin.Theywrotealotofdiaries、letters,andtravelaccountstodescribethenewlandassecondEden.NowandersomebodysaidthattheearliestAmericanliteraturewerethetravelaccountswrittenbyEuropeanadventurers.AmongthemostremainedwereCaptainJohnSmith’sTrueRelationofVirginia(1608),andDescriptionofNewEngland(1616).
1.2Pilgrimsettlements
Severalyearslater,anothergroupofsettlersalsoarrivedintheNewWorld.ThisgroupwaslookingfortheJamestownsettlement.However,becauseofbadnavigation,theylandedinMassachusetts.TheywerealsocomingtotheNewWorldwithdreamsofsuccess,buttheirgoalwasdifferentfromtheJamestownsettlement.TheywantedtostartanewworldgovernedbytheBible.TheywerecalledPuritansbecausetheywantedtoliveabetterlifebymakingthemselvespure.TheyfirstarrivedontheMayflowerandsettledinPlymouth.Thisisthegroupweareusuallythinkingaboutwhenwetalkaboutthe"
firstAmericans."
ThemostsignificantpoetsfromthisperiodwasAnneBradstreet(1612-1672).HerpoemsinTenthMuseLatelySprungUpInAmerica(1650)reflectedtheconconcernsofwomenwhocametosettleinthecolonies,andinallherpoems,however,sheshowsherstrongbeliefinGod.
2.18thcentury—theAgeofreason
2.1TheAgeofreason
Inthe18thcentury,peoplebelievedinman’sownnatureandthepowerofhumanreason.WithFranklinasitsspokesman,the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofreason.
AmongthemostrenownedwastheworkCommonSense(1776)ofThomasPaine(1737-1809).It’stheringingcallforthedecorationofliberty.HealsowroteCrisis(1774-1783)andTheAgeofReason(1794-1796),accordingtoWu,“Hethoughtthatreligionshouldbebasedonrational,reasonableground.”(WuDingbo,12)ThepamphletshelpedcompletethedebatethatresultedinAmerica'
sseparationfromEngland.
AndofcourseforalltheAmericans,themostimportantdocumentfromthisperiodwasasinglesheetofpapercalledTheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),mainlywrittenbyThomasJeffersonandBenjaminFranklin.
DuringthistimewritersthoughtthatthetruthshouldbereliedonBible,churchmen,authorities,orpracticeandexperience.
2.2EarlyNationalLiterature
DuringtheperiodofAmericanRevolutionWar,Americannationalliteraturecameintobeing.Sincebeforethewar,Americanpeoplehavealreadyhadtheawarenessofnationalindependence,sotheywrotemanypoliticalwritingsrevolutionarypoems.
ThewarhelpedthefirstimportantAmericanprosewritersandpoetsgrowupbothculturallyandartistically.Furthermore,theindependenceofnationledtotheindependenceofnationalliterature.Fromthismomenton,Americanpeoplebegantounderstandofmeaningofbeingareal”American“.
3.TheflourishingofAmericanliteraturein19thcentury
3.1
EarlyRomantics
Inearly19thcentury,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),thepersonbornwiththenewnation,hisTheSketchBookcreatedanewstyleofAmericanliterature—shortnovel.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)His"
Leather-Stocking"
novelstoldusastoryabouthowthebraveimmigrantsfightwithsavageusingwhattheyhavelearntfromnature.
AnotherfamouswriterofthistimewasWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878),hewasregardedoneoftheearliestnaturalistpoetsinAmericanhistory.HisgreatestpoemThanatopsiswaspublishedintheNorthAmericanReviewin1817.Heappreciatesnormalbirdsandflowers,throughwhichappreciatedharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanandnature.TheRomanticsemphasizedindividualismandtheythoughtfeelingsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.
3.2TheTranscendentalism
“TheNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasromanticidealismonpuritansoil”(WuDingbo:
28).Itstressedthepowerofintuitionplacedspiritfirst,andittooknatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.TherewerethreemainfeaturesofTranscendentalismwereUnitarianism,idealisticphilosophy,andorientalmysticism.
RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),theleaderofAmericanTranscendentalism.“Hecaptainedagroupofenthusiastandformedatranscendentalclubwiththem.HealsohelpedtosetupandeditedthetranscendentalistjournalTheDial.”Hehadwrittenmanyfamousessays.AmongthebestareNatureandTheAmericanScholar,whichhasbeencalled“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.EmersonwroteinTheAmericanScholar(1837),amanmust"
learntodetectandwatchthatgleamoflightwhichflashesacrosshismindfromwithin."
Themainkeytothisinnerworldistheimagination.Man'
simaginationleadstoexpression.Ourexpressionmakeseachofusauniquehuman.Romanticismbecamethewayofthinkingforthisgenerationofwriters.
HenryDavidThoreauwasalsooneofthewritersofTranscendentalism,andhisfamousessaywasWalden,inwhichherevealedthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone’slife,andtoconsideratethepursuitofmaterialthings.
4.LocalColorAndRealism:
ANewFlavortoAmericanLiterature
4.1LocalColorFictionandMarkTwain
LocalColorFictionfirstappearedintheearly19thcentury,andithadfurtherdevelopingaftertheCivilWar.Thiskindofliteraturemainlydescribesthelocallife.Itskeynotewasoptimistic,andthelanguagewasnarrativeandhumorous.Forexample,theworkofBretHarte(1836-1902)toldusthelifeofAmericanwesternminers.MarkTwainwasthemainwriterofthisperiod.Hewrotefornearly50years,andhehadactuallywrittenmanydifferenttypesofstories.Nevertheless,TwainisrememberedmostforTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876),LifeontheMississippi(1884)andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884).Thecharactershecreatedwerehumorousandfullofwittiness.
MarkTwain’sworkwasregardedthewitnessofAmerica’spurelocallife.AccordingtoCalkins,“FewAmericanwritershavewrittenthesameafterreadingTwain,forhehashelpedchangetheentirecountrywithhishumorandskillfulstorytelling.”(CarrollC.Calkins,124).
4.2RiseofRealism
Romanticwritersfocusedonthedevelopmentofplot,makethestoryasinterestingandattractiveaspossible,whilerealismwritersemphasizedthecharacterizationofcharacters,focusedonobjectivityratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.
WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)insistedthatRealismwasthetruthfultreatmentofmaterialmoralproblemsofsociety.AndinO.Henry(1862-1910)’sfictions,allhischaracterswerecommonpeopleandalwayshadanironicalandsurprisedending.
Therewasanotherstyleofwriting