On Translation of Lengthy English Sentences论英语长句的汉译Word下载.docx

1、Key Words: long sentence; understanding; difference; methods; expressing摘 要本论文研究如何准确到位的把英语中的长句翻译成中文，主要包括此类翻译的思路和方法。通过对英语长句汉译研究现状的分析, 我们可以发现这之前的研究方向主要在于翻译方法和汉语语言组织, 但是忽略了两语言之间的文化差异对翻译会产生的影响，本论文将对这个问题作出弥补。句子结构贯穿一个句子的始终, 所以对其的正确理解是开始翻译的前提。中英两种语言的差异性也会对翻译产生影响, 这一点可以最大保证目的语言中, 源语言的原汁原味。本论文认为英语长句的主要翻译方法包括

2、顺译法、逆序法、插入法，分译法和综合法。完美的翻译不能用简单的几个单词就可以定义的,本论文将对这几点问题进行详细论述。关键词:长句；理解；差异；方法；表达ContentsAcknowledgements .IAbstract .II摘 要.IIIChapter 1 Introduction.1Chapter 2 Difficulties in Translating Lengthy English Sentences.32.1 Morphology.32.1.1 Polysemy .32.1.2 Synonyms.32.1.3 Idioms.42.1.4 Modifiers.62.2 Diff

3、erence between Structuring English and Chinese Sentences.62.2.1 Reasons.62.2.2 Different Structures.8Chapter 3 Steps in Translating Lengthy English Sentences.123.1 Understanding .123.1.1 Find out the Sentence trunk.123.1.2 Analyze the meaning of important words.133.1.3 Identify Dependent Clauses .13

4、3.1.4 Get the General Idea of the Sentences.143.2 Expressing .14Chapter 4 Methods of Translating Lengthy English Sentences.164.1 Obverse Translation.164.2 Reverse Translation.174.3 Reverse-and-Obverse Translation.174.4 Component Translation.184.5 Translation by Rearranging Original Sentences.194.6 C

5、ultural Factors in Translating Lengthy English Sentences.20Chapter 5 Conclusion.24Works Cited.25Chapter 1 IntroductionEnglish-Chinese Translation is a course of converting the information in English into Chinese correctly, smoothly and coherently. It logically consists of two stages: receive and und

6、erstand the meaning of the source language English, and rearrange it in the target language Chinese. This process requires that the translator possessed a sound knowledge of linguistics, semantics and the language users cultures. This essay discusses how translators can develop skills in long senten

7、ce translation. First, what are long sentences? According to the previous research into this issue, some scholars claim that a sentence with a certain amount of words can be defined as a long sentence, but in English, a long sentence can contain as many as over 100 words while some long sentence may

8、 has only 40 words in it. Anyway, its still long. So the length of a sentence cant be the only criterion to decide if a sentence is a long sentence. Later, a new theory that a sentence with two or more clauses or sub-clauses and around 20 words or above is a long sentence came into being, which won

9、a wide approval. Long sentence is classified into 3 categories: the first is paralleling long sentence, which consists of two or more clauses with complete sentence structure and without affiliation; the second is compound long sentence, which comprises a principal clause and some other sub-clauses

10、like noun clauses, attributive clauses, adverbial clauses, etc.; and the last is paralleling and compound long sentence, which as the name implies, is the most complicated with the features of the previous two types of long sentences. In a nutshell, long sentences are characterized by frequent use o

11、f attributive and adverbial clauses, compound structures and parenthesis. Besides what makes a long English sentence difficult to translate is the fact that Chinese and English have different thinking habits, which naturally leads to their differences in ways of expression and sentence structure.Thu

12、s, the emphasis of this essay is on a comparison between the structures of English and Chinese sentences. The reasons are also discussed. The priority of this essay is given to the steps, which should be taken, and the methods employed in long sentence translation and vice versa.Chapter 2 Difficulti

13、es in Lengthy English Sentence Translation2.1 Morphology2.1.1 PolysemyIn semantics, polysemy refers to the ability of words, signs and symbols to have multiple meanings. Metaphor reveals not only a figure of speech but a means of human cognition and thinking. As a definite result from the developmen

14、t of human minds, polysemic metaphor has abundantly enriched the language which can be best exemplified by many a noun-turned verb in English. The author and the authoress introduce polysemy from a metaphoric point of view, taking examples of three categories of noun-turned verbs. It was also pointe

15、d out that the insight into polysemic metaphor helps language learners make better uses of vocabulary, which in reverse enhances the efficiency of language learning. Thus, the translation of this type of metaphor requires a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary in different contexts. Herere

16、some examples:1. We are tabling this matter until further notice. Table, in English, basically refers to a board, slab, piece, but when used as a verb, its equal to postpone. The original sentence can be namely put like this: we are postponing this matter until further notice.2. The flower girls car

17、peted the floor with rose petals before the brides entrance. Carpet, as we first touched this word, it means a certain kind of cloth. Actually in history, carpets meaning as a noun has a flexure evolution.Other examples are commonplace like “As soon as I saw his gun, I floored my car.”, “If he had t

18、ried harder, he could have topped his class.” and “When my car broke down, I flagged a police car.”2.1.2 SynonymsSynonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym I called synonymy. In the figur

19、ative sense, two words are often said to be synonymous if they have the same connotation. 1. “Agriculture is the foundation of national economy”. In this sentence, the word agriculture refers to an integration of a wide range of agricultural economy, including farming, graziery, forestry and fishery

20、. While farming indicate a branch of agriculture, which parallel with forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery and together they belong to agriculture, not the entire agricultural economy. 2. “He never touches wine.” Wine refers to a collection of all drinks that contain alcohol. Spi

21、rit, which is slightly different from wine, means the wine with high volume of alcohol, compared to the wines like grape wine, beer, etc.3. “So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently, the world rolls on, time presses. Ten thousand years are too long. Seize the day, seize the hour.” The w

22、ord “deeds” her refers to national affairs. On one hand, it highlights the profound meaning of the “affairs”, and on the other hand, it enhances the poetic quality. 4. “They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.” The word “preach” and “advocate” are synonyms sharing the sense of “to propose, to advise or to assert”. The difference is that “preach” conveys a negative and derogatory meaning